Arthur Miller Essay

Arthur Miller is a renowned play- writer who was born on October 17th 1915, in New York City. His parent’s originally had came from Italy but soon migrated to America perhaps searching for the American dream. His family lived in prosperity due to the success of his fathers clothing manufacturing business however, as a result of the Wall Street crash the business sadly collapsed therefore; Arthur Miller was forced to work as a warehouseman. The play AVFTB was set in the 20th century as this is when illegal immigration was probably at its most. He possibly got his inspiration for writing this astonishing, sensational and breathtaking play from his parents as they were immigrants searching for the American dream and Alfieri (a lawyer in the play) expresses the themes of immigration and the American dream. However, his main inspiration was almost certainly when his lawyer friend showed him a case which has a similar context to AVFTB. Despite writing the play AVFTB, Arthur Miller is also recognized for his several other plays, such as: The Crucible; The Man Who Had All the Luck; All My Sons and Death of a Salesman. Unfortunately, Arthur Miller died in 2005. Alfieri first introduces himself to the audience when he is telling us the prologue, which sets the mood and scene of the play, ‘This is Red Hook, not Sicily†¦ I’m a lawyer. ‘ In the play he introduces all the characters, ‘This one’s name was Eddie Carbone’ and gives the audience a brief description of the character introduced, ‘a longshoreman. ‘ However, the audience instantly get the impression that Eddie is going to be the tragic hero in the play as when Alfieri first introduces Eddie he says that he has to, ‘let it run it’s bloody course’ then immediately after that he says, ‘This one’s name was Eddie Carbone. ‘ Giving the audience the impression that Eddie is going to be the tragic hero in the play. Furthermore, the audience also immediately get the impression that Eddie is the tragic hero as he tells the story about Vinnie Bonzola and when the family hear the story they are all shocked that someone could betray one of their family members like that. Eddie is especially shocked about this particular scenario and this is very ironic as little does he know that as the play progresses he would be doing the same thing. This makes Eddie’s behaviour even more outrageous and appalling as firstly he is being a hypocrite and secondly, he was probably the most shocked out of his whole family. Therefore, Arthur Miller portrays Eddie’s action through the technique of dramatic irony throughout the play as the audience know that Eddie is going to be the tragic hero near the beginning of the play. Alfieri is also immediately established as being an omniscient narrator/ commentator in the prologue. We know this as he narrates the story in a flashback therefore, he already knows what is going to unravel, Eddie’s inevitable death, and we get reminded of this at various intervals. He tells us about the suspicious little nods the longshoremen give him. This shows the audience how the community perceive lawyers, ‘they’d rather not get too close. ‘ Suspicion and lack of trust is one of the main themes of the play and it shows the audience that the Italian immigrants still stick to the same old social codes of revenge and lack of trust. The Italian immigrants pour into Brooklyn looking for their share of the American dream, ‘gullet of New- York, swallowing the tonnage of the world’. The definition of the American dream is that anyone can come to America and get to the top as there are many opportunities. They may also come here to get away from poverty; lack of employment and mafia vendettas. However, Arthur Miller perhaps chose this setting, ‘the slum that faces the seaward side of the bay’ as Miller was aware that many immigrants came here when he was working in the army in World War 2 in particular longshoremen as they helped put immigrants on ships so they could arrive to America. He must have seen a lot of despicable, horrific and appaling things when he was there so that is why he probably describes Brooklyn like this. Therefore, he might have exaggerated the description to emphasise this point to the audience and also to give an image in the audiences mind. Therefore, Arthur Miller uses the linguistic devices known as hyperboles and imagery to emphasise the point that he is trying to make and also to make the story more entertaining for the audience, ‘His eyes were like tunnels’. Alfieri is a successful example of the American dream as he initially migrated from Italy to America. Alfieri is living the American dream and is now civilised but his practice is entirely unromantic. Alfieri has been a witness to the times when he used to keep a pistol in his filing cabinet however, now as he is civilised he no longer needs to keep a pistol in his filing cabinet. Therefore, Alfieri is following the American way of life and the American social codes. i. e. The law and not revenge. In addition, we know that Alfieri has changed his social code as he speaks differently compared to all the other characters in the play. His language is less rougher than everyone else’s and this is illustrated through the fact that he no longer carries the Sicilian code of conduct. He says that his practice is entirely unromantic as he gets similar cases over and over again, ‘the petty poor troubles of the poor’. Nevertheless, every once in a while there is case that always brings life to his job, ‘the dust in this air is blown away’. The cases perhaps bring life to his office as it reminds him of how he used to be and that is probably why he is so fond of Eddie as it reminds him of his former self. The cases perhaps excite him as they are a dramatic change and the cases are probably more interesting. Arthur Miller perhaps does this to maintain the audiences involvement and too show the audience that the story is going to be exciting so that they stay glued to their seats.

Bruce Dawe’s “Enter Without So Much As Knocking” Essay

â€Å"Remember, man, thou art but dust, and unto dust though shalt return.† This is a translation of the quotation which begins Dawe’s poem, Enter Without So Much As Knocking. The quote reminds us that life is not forever; and that we are all faced with mortality. The poem itself is discussing a man’s journey from birth to death and how all around him life is interpreted by material possessions. At the beginning of the first stanza, the sentences have been made very short and simple, as if to demonstrate the thoughts of a new born child. The first voice that the baby hears when he is born is Bobby Dazzler, one of Australia’s first game shows. The very first thing that the baby hears is not the voice of his mother, nor the voice of his father, but the voice of materialism. This first stanza instantly creates the feeling of a home in the 1950s, where television was something new. The ellipsis that connects the first and second stanzas demonstrates a change in time, in this case, a change of a couple of years. The words used in the second stanza, such as â€Å"well-equipped† and â€Å"economy-size†, are words that were constantly used in commercials at the time, as if life was being sold to the child. This use of a commercial like structure is also evident in the way that the family is depicted, each with its own stereotype: an â€Å"Economy Sized Mum†, a sexist description typical to the 50s; an â€Å"Anthony Squires – Coolstream – Summerweight Dad†, Anthony Squires referring to an Australian brand of suit; and â€Å"two other kids straight off the Junior Department Rack†, referring to the baby’s siblings, each free of gender and age and recognised only by the type of clothing that they wear. From these two stanzas, Dawe is able to create not only a vivid image of the typical family in the 1950s, but also give us an insight to the TV culture that they are living and what effect it has on the family. The thirds stanza discusses what happens when the Mum character wins the Luck’s-A-Fortch Tricky-Tune Quiz. She takes the boy shopping. They set off in the â€Å"good-as-new station-wagon†, yet more advertising jargon which  describes the family’s second-hand car. The short phrases that follow are describing a child’s view of a road trip and the many rules that come with it. The statements begin as typical road warnings â€Å"WALK. DON’T WALK.† and become more satirical as they continue, for example â€Å"NO BREATHING EXCEPT BY ORDER†. These phrases represent the signs that a child may recognise on a trip. After these, there are the sounds that are present on a car trip, as well as the sound of Mum complaining. The numerous â€Å"beeps† that are present may represent both the beeping of a car horn as well as censorship of swear words, a likely situation especially in the last capitalised beep. This situation creates an image or a race to get somewhere. It could be seen as Dawe’s expression of likening a traffic jam in the hurry to get to somewhere to the race of people to get to a certain place in their career or in their life. This entire stanza dictates fast and hectic circumstances, which change suddenly when arriving at the fourth stanza. The first word in the fourth stanza, however, followed by a comma, immediately slows the reader down by forcing them to pause. The stanza goes on to tell of how although the boy is surrounded by so much commercialism and fast-paced life, such as the fifty-foot screen and the giant faces projected onto it, he is able to enjoy a natural wonder of the world, the stars. It is here that there is the first mention of the boy’s emotions, where Dawe writes of the boy enjoying something. When describing the way the starts are sprinkled over the sky, Dawe has used the word littered, which usually has negative connotations. This could be because the stars had not yet been changed by our world, and if they were left as they were, untouched, they were not as good as what we had created on our Earth. The stanza ends on a slightly low note because of Dawe’s metaphor of the stars being like â€Å"kids at the circus† Dawe is trying to show how the stars are close enough to the Earth for the boy to reach, and therefore, for the boy to get â€Å"kicked†, or hurt. As in the beginning of the fourth stanza, the first word of the stanza brings the reader back to a different part of the boy’s life and a different event. This new event shows the character as no longer a boy, representing innocence, but in the company of â€Å"godless money-hungry back-stabbing  miserable so-and-sos†. We can tell from this that Dawe is trying to show that the boy has now grown up and has been introduced to the â€Å"real world† and is now already a middle-aged man. The phrase â€Å"goodbye stars† relates back to the fourth stanza. He must also farewell the â€Å"soft cry in the corner†; a farewell to any emotions. It is at this point that Dawe includes the adult voice of the boy. The character speaks the need to care for yourself first and foremost, no need to think about the effect it may have on others, shown in the statement â€Å"hit wherever you see a head and kick whoever’s down†. This harsh change from innocent boy to selfish man is how Dawe is creating the character. The adult man is shaped by his dialogue in the poem. The character has grown up and no longer discusses his family, yet no mention of a wife or children is present until the next stanza, and then only to criticize. This fifth stanza is the first one to portray him as an adult, and Dawe has managed to make the character seem harsh and unkind. The sixth stanza introduces Alice, most probably the characters wife. The character also criticizes Clare Jessup, indicating his hypocritical nature. The sixth stanza is very short, as it seems as though it was cut short because of what happened next. Obviously the car is involved in an accident, shown by the last two words of the stanza â€Å"watch it† followed by a dash, leaving the reader to imagine the incident. The dash that ends the stanza shows how short the moment between life and death is, and how it happens in the blink of an eye. Until this point, Dawe has been able to create the entire persona of the character, starting from birth and ending at death. Dawe is able to show how through different events a person is moulded into the character which they become. As the character has died, the narrator returns once more to an outsider, and observer. The reaction to those who possibly attend his funeral where they see his body, is strangely surreal; as they focus not on his life and personality, but on what a good job the morticians did on giving him a fake tan. The idea here is that he’s dead, but at least he looks good. The line † the old automatic smile with nothing behind it† describes how much of a disguise he had created for himself. No-one knew him for who he was because he had spent so long trying to conform to society and kill his  individualism. The last few lines of the poem relate back to his life. â€Å"winding the whole show up† refers to the man’s life as if it were a television show, now finished, as well as the ending of the poem. The end of the poem also states what the man has left, the parking tickets, taximeters and Bobby Dazzlers. These are all material things. There is no mention of any loved one, such as his wife; or the rest of his family that are spoken about earlier in the poem. Instead, there is talk of him leaving the â€Å"grieving over halitosis, flat feet, shrinking gums and falling hair†. The term grieving is usually used to describe the process after someone has passed on, yet in this case is used to show worry over such trivial matters. The second last line in the poem, â€Å"six feet down nobody interested† shows how society regards the dead: he doesn’t affect people anymore, so nobody cares. The last line links back to the first. â€Å"Blink, blink. CEMETERY. Silence†. Just like he came into this life, the man blinks into death and into silence, an ending.

The Secret of Ella and Micha Chapter 15

8 months earlier†¦ Ella â€Å"You're not seriously going to climb up that tree, are you?† Micha frowns at me through the dark. He's dressed in a pair of sexy jeans that make his butt look good and his black t-shirt fits him perfectly. â€Å"You're gonna break your neck.† I rub my hands together and give him a devious look. â€Å"You know how much I love a challenge.† From behind him, the moon shines from the sky and his blonde hair nearly glows. â€Å"Yeah, but you're a little out of it right now and I don't think you should be climbing up any trees.† â€Å"I'll be fine.† I wave him off, pushing the sleeves of my leather jacket up. He always worries about me. I like that he does, but it doesn't mean I always listen to him. â€Å"Besides, if my dad catches me coming in, and he happens to be sober, I'm going to get chewed out for sneaking out and being drunk, especially because I was supposed to be on mom duty tonight.† Gripping a branch, I attempt to wedge my foot up in the tree. But it falls to the ground and I grunt with frustration. Micha laughs, shaking his head as he walks around behind me. â€Å"If you break your neck, pretty girl,† he says. â€Å"It's not my fault.† â€Å"You know your nickname for me is not fitting.† I grab the branch again. â€Å"You need to think of a new one.† He sweeps my hair to the side and puts his lips beside my ear. â€Å"It's completely fitting. You're the most beautiful girl I know, Ella May.† Through my foggy brain, I try to process what he's saying. â€Å"Are you trying to be funny?† He shakes his head. â€Å"I'm being completely serious. But there's no need to panic. I'm sure you'll forget all about it by the time morning rolls around.† I bob my head up and down. â€Å"You're probably right.† He laughs again and his warm breath tickles my ear, sending a shiver through my body. I almost turn around, rip open his shirt, and thrust my tongue into his mouth, but I don't want to ruin our friendship. He's all I have at the moment and I need him more than air. So I bottle my feelings up the best I can. He spreads his fingers across my waist where my shirt rides up, making the situation a little awkward. â€Å"Okay, on the count of three I'm going to boost you into the tree. Be Careful. One†¦ Two†¦ Three†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He lifts me up into the tree and I swing my legs up. The bark scratches at the back of my legs a little and the palms of Micha's hands cup my ass as he pushes me up the rest of the way. It makes me giggle. Once I'm up, he climbs up himself. His hands reunite with my waist and he assists me up the tree and into my window. I tumble through it and onto the floor with his quiet laughter surrounding me. â€Å"You're going to regret this in the morning,† he says with laughter in his voice. â€Å"You're going to have a headache from hell.† I kneel beside the window as he steps back out onto the branch. â€Å"Hey, Micha.† I crook my finger at him and he rolls his eyes, but tolerates me and returns to the windowsill. I throw my arms around his neck. â€Å"You're my hero. You know that?† I kiss his cheek. His skin is so soft. I start to move away when his head turns toward me and our lips connect briefly. When he pulls back, I can't read him at all. â€Å"Sweet dreams, pretty girl.† He grins and climbs back down the tree. My head becomes even foggier as I shut the window. Did he kiss me on purpose? I shake the thought away and wrestle my arms out of my jacket. The house is silent, except for the sound of flowing water coming from the bathroom. I head out into the hall, figuring my mom's left the bath running again. She does that sometimes when she's distracted. The door is locked, so I knock on it. â€Å"Mom, are you in there?† I call out. Water swishes from inside and I realize the carpet beneath my feet is sloshy. I sober up real quick, and rush to my closet to grab a hanger. Stretching it out, I shove the end into the lock of the bathroom. It clicks and I push the door open. The scream that leaves my mouth could shatter the world's happiness into a thousand pieces. But the silence that follows it is enough to dissolve it completely. Micha â€Å"What are you so happy about tonight?† my mom questions when I walk into the house. â€Å"I'm as happy as I always am.† I join her at the kitchen table and steal a cookie from a plate. She takes off her glasses and rubs the sides of her nose. There's a calculator, a checkbook, and a whole lot of bills stacked in front of her. â€Å"No, I haven't seen you smile like this in a while.† â€Å"I just had a really good night.† I take out my wallet and hand my mom a couple of twenties and a hundred dollar bill. â€Å"Here, this is what I got for working a weekend at the shop.† My mom shakes her head and tosses the money in my direction. â€Å"Micha Scott, I'm not going to take my son's money.† I throw it on top of the bills and push away from the table. â€Å"Yes, you are. I want to help out.† â€Å"Micha I – â€Å" â€Å"Stop arguing and take it young lady,† I warn with humor in my tone. She sighs, defeated, and collects the money. â€Å"You're a good son. Do you know that?† â€Å"Only because I was taught to be.† I head for my room, but hear a scream from outside. I backtrack into the kitchen. â€Å"Did you just hear that?† My mom's eyes are wide as she stares at the back door. â€Å"I think it came from the Daniel's house.† A billion different scenarios rush through my head as I run outside, hop the fence, and burst into her house. â€Å"Ella!† It's quiet, except for water running upstairs. I dash up the staircase, skipping steps. â€Å"Ella†¦Ã¢â‚¬  My body chills like ice. Ella is standing in the doorway and her mom is in the bathtub filled with red water that's spilling out all over the floor. â€Å"Ella, what happened?† She flinches and then turns to me. Her pupils have taken over her eyes and the look on her face will haunt me for the rest of my life. â€Å"I think she killed herself,† she says numbly and holds out her hands, which are smudged with blood. â€Å"I checked her pulse and she doesn't have one.† I take out my cell phone and call 911. When I hang up, Ella collapses into my arms and stays there, unmoving until the ambulance shows up. She doesn't cry – she barely breathes and it nearly kills me because I can't do anything to help her.

Management reprt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management reprt - Essay Example After this process, and through experience, now they already know who the best is and they buy only from them. Concurrently, the manager also noted that some of the sellers are actually friends with people that work at the restaurant. They purchase ingredients, such as meat, fish, vegetables and other fresh stuff, on a daily basis at local Indian/Bengali shops. Accordingly, there are plenty of them in the neighbourhood, as there are 50 Indian, Bengali, Thai, and Asian restaurants in this area. So they tested different suppliers and chose the best ones. It was emphasized that it took years of experience. Now, the Cinnamon Brick Lane Restaurant is acknowledged to be the best, legendary, and renowned. The standard of quality also means possessing secret recipes appreciated by the worlds best chefs. 2 The fact that food critics who graced the restaurant provided exemplary reviews evidently indicates that the establishment is viewed as one that serves high quality food, diverse menus and exemplary service. The official restaurant’s website cited the results from two of the food critics who visited their establishment that: â€Å"Among our many accolades include food critic and Michelin chef Pat Chapman, in the Cobra Good Food Guide, and Humayun Khan - from TANDOORI MAGAZINE, who gave rave reviews on his last visit to Cinnamon for his favourite dish, the LEMON-GRASS CHICKEN, recommending Cinnamon as one of the best Indian/ Bangladeshi restaurants in Britain. View London also highly recommends Cinnamon as one of the best in Brick Lane†.3 Likewise, due to the high quality, great taste of its food, exemplary service, and consistently positive customer satisfaction ratings , the Cinnamon Brick Lane Restaurant have been patronized by celebrities and famous personalities such as Jeremy Guscott, a former England and Lions rugby player and Shepard Fairy, a famous jigsaw artist.4 From the above,

Management of Human Resources class discussion wk5 Coursework

Management of Human Resources class discussion wk5 - Coursework Example The inventory is useful because for storing specific data of jobs under analysis (Jackson, Schuler & Werner, 2012). This approach is not only used when measuring the main job tasks, but also used for identifying needed competencies I would prefer to use the customized approach when conducting job analysis because it provides more information about a job. These particulars are crucial when it comes to creating a feedback system that gives details on a potential employee’s performance (Jackson, Schuler & Werner, 2012). It is also useful for coming up with training programs useful as a tool for motivating employees (Jackson, Schuler & Werner, 2012). It would be more important for an organization to standardize its jobs and competency analyses so that each potential employee gets treated the same way. Fair treatment at workplace for all is more advantageous than when people are treated

Journal paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Journal paper - Essay Example There is, therefore, need to find a viable and cheaper means to handle the illness. The implication of this research is that cinnamon could be used alongside other forms of treatments to regulate blood pressure and blood glucose in type 2 diabetes patients. This experiment was conducted according to proper scientific method. First, it has a hypothesis to be tested (Kumar, 2005). The experiment aims to prove that cinnamon may be used to lower blood pressure and glucose in type 2 diabetes patients. Secondly, the experiment uses scientific methods of collecting data. These are sampling, observation, description and the use of measurements (Kumar, 2005). It has a sample of 58 respondents on an intake 2g of cinnamon every day for 12 weeks. An observation is made at the end of the 12 weeks. However, additional research is needed to establish the efficacy of cinnamon in lowering blood pressure and blood glucose in type 2 diabetes patients. Further experiments are needed to establish the compatibility of cinnamon with other dietary options for managing diabetes. Therefore, further experiments need to administer cinnamon alongside other dietary options. Nevertheless, this research is useful in the management of type 2

The Microsofts Company Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Microsofts Company Culture - Essay Example Business is a monopoly of strategies to start with. In a world advancing with globalization and changing with progressing innovation, constant evaluation and re-designing of policies is a necessity for business survival. Organizational behavior, strategies, decisions, environment and workforce determine the organizational success and its promotion towards progress and advancement. It is thus a necessity to look into the policies of successful companies, to render, adhere and change what’s not working to what’s the best. One such company which has achieved to do this is an American public multinational corporation- The Microsoft Corporation. Microsoft Corporation has efficiently articulated its policies and strategies to remain sustainable in their top position, for almost a decade. With offices in more than 60 countries, Microsoft earns more than US$16.5 billion in operating income with approximately 71,170 employees (Microsoft Corporation Annual Report 2006).Since Microsoft Corporation is an American public multinational corporation, the public is also an asset to it. Microsoft’s Windows operating system is home to over 95% of the world computers (Johnson, Scholes and Whittington, 2008). Microsoft has a global reach in terms of software, operating systems, internet portals etc., all being used by over millions of not only individuals, but by millions of organization and businesses hub. Some of the most widely used and innovative Microsoft products are Windows, Office applications and Microsoft Windows. Microsoft has also also has stepped inside the cable television market with MSNBC as well as MSN Internet Portal. Â  

The Eyes of Faulkner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Eyes of Faulkner - Essay Example This paper will focus upon the eyes of the two characters; the symbolism used by Faulkner to reveal particular character aspects of the individuals themselves and how his use of language supports those traits and communicates the plot of the stories in a succinct, encapsulated way. They eyes of Emily Grierson are truly windows into her soul. We are introduced to her at her death, but in the subsequent tale Faulkner reveals much about her character; and we can see much of it through his description of her eyes. Emily Grierson is a woman born to a southern family once prominent, but now poor. The daughter of a controlling father, Emily dies many years after killing her suitor in her own home. There are two descriptions of her eyes in the story, one from when she is middle aged and purchasing the poison that she will use to kill an unspecified victim, be it a rat or human, and the other from an older age when she is confronted for not paying her taxes. Faulkner portrays the younger woman, who is slender at the time, as possessing "cold, haughty black eyes in a face the flesh of which was strained across the temples and about the eye sockets as you imagine a lighthouse-keeper's face ought to look" (Faulkner 125). In the description of her appearance years later, t his same woman has gained weight, and her eyes are described as "lost in the fatty ridges of her face, look[ing] like two small pieces of coal pressed into a lump of dough..." (Faulkner 121). When she is buying the poison, Emily has cold and haughty eyes. These are the eyes of a woman contemplating murder, as we ultimately learn that her erstwhile suitor and probable husband's skeletal remains are found in a room of her house that hasn't been seen for forty years. Her soul, that of a murderess, is thereby revealed; haughty and cold. She is calculating, angular, unfeeling, and capable of buying poison without revealing her intent to the druggist. Contrast these descriptive elements with the pieces-of-coal-in-a-swollen-face description used for her latter years. Her eyes, black in both instances, are now described using a substance, coal, that provides considerable heat. In the scene where this description occurs, she has long-since committed the crime. Faulkner is showing us that Emi ly has gone from thin and cold to fat and burning; the primary intervening event being the killing of an innocent man. The descriptive changes in Emily are those of a woman who as lived with what she has done. She has become a bloated, intensely-eyed woman as her soul has dwelt upon her deeds. From icy calculation, she moved on to commit a fervent act. The act of passion, murder, has transitioned Emily's eyes from cold to hot just as Emily's own soul has evolved from frigidity to burning guilt. Faulkner embodies the essence of the entire story line within the eyes of his protagonist. This same literary convention applies to Colonel Sartoris Snopes (Sarty) in Barn Burning. We meet Sarty at the trial of his father, who has been accused of burning a neighbor's barn after a dispute over a hog. Throughout the story, as Faulkner reveals the boy's relationship with his angry and arsonist father, we come to the understanding that there are

Small Group Dynamics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Small Group Dynamics - Essay Example I was considered to be the team leader for my group so I started with the point that I am glad to speak about the industrial training that we have went just before a couple of days. And i also continued with the point that the industrial visit was really a good thing because we were able to gain more knowledge regarding how the telecommunications worked. so i raised a question to my friend arthy asking what she is thinking about the industrial training she was very bossy and adamant so she turned the topic to a different side saying that the training was of no use because we were there hardly for a day and a half. So she also stated that nothing could be possible within that time to learn or to implement things. For which another mate Dhiranya started to tell i am sorry arthy i do go with Dharni because it taught us something. She also said that if you think that we have been there for nothing, so far we were learning about the telecommunications only theoretically so it was of no use to know how the things will look like, only after visiting the place we were able to see some receivers, transistors the network communication and all the other technical things she completed her point saying like this and waited for the reply. There as a leader I have to speak something and i started to stick on to the point and said my friend arthy I too go with dhiranya saying that so far if some one asks us to speak about something regarding telecommunication we would have explained them in a theoretical way but only after the training we could explain them in a better manner for an instance we can even draw and show them the things and the technical machines that we saw there. And I soon realized that Vidhya was left alone without giving her the time to discuss with us and said straightaway to the team stating that let Vidhya have her turn to think about the situation. vidhya started saying thank you for giving me a turn and said that she would go with rest of the team stating that she had some practical knowledge and it was also a useful thing to be included in her study material. She also said that she was able to know certain things that how to sort out a problem for a particular telephone connection among the million wires interconnected there. But suddenly arthy rose to a great height and said if you say so will you be able to set a default tele line straightaway without any help. This was a great conflicting thing to our group and soon accommodating to the situation Vidhya continued and said of course I will be able to do that if I have some proper training as I know where the things lie but the next step of disconnecting and joining the wires would be possible by proper training. Again arthy avoided the point and said so this was entirely a true waste of time. There of course i used my creativity and my bossiness to put a full stop to the point and said it will be a mere waste if you think that the explanations given by the faculty for our lessons are also the same as the training that we visited. Though she was taken aback for a few minutes she was finding her mistake and compromised with the answer that was given by me. So at last she said of course the training was interesting and some what helpful to an extent. But, she looked taken aback and

Consumer behavior Individual Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Consumer behavior Individual - Assignment Example Apple’s main mission is to maintain high quality standards for its products and this helps them to serve its customers with an innovative and technologically advanced product line. Apple not only focuses on development of innovative products, but also protects consumer interest and values consumer welfare (OGrady, 2009). Apple is devoted to continuously develop innovative products so that their customers get to avail the latest technologies. The company’s vision is to provide exceptional technological experiences for their customers all over the world (OGrady, 2009). The company operates in a highly competitive market. Some potential competitors of Apple Inc are Samsung Electronics Co., Lenovo Group Limited, Dell Inc. and Microsoft Corporation. The competitors of Apple provided similar products at a reasonable cost. Companies like Samsung and IBM started capturing Apple’s market share. The products of Apple could not be afforded by all sections of the population. In the market for technology, consumers enjoy a high substitution rate of products because of the availability of large number of alternatives in the market (Barney, 1995). The market share of Apple Inc. and its competitors can be explained by the figure below. Apple Inc. captures the prime market share i.e. the company captures 30% of the total market share. Nokia covers over 23% of the total market share and Samsung has an 11% market share of the total. Other companies capture the rest of the market (Source: Ferrell & Hartline, 2012). Apple operates in a highly competitive market. Several companies have come up with products which are similar to Apple’s products. The rivals of the company follow a pricing strategy that enables them to offer alternatives to apple’s product at a relatively low price. There is a high substitution rate in the market as switching cost for the customers is quite low. The competitors also aggressively advertise their products through social media

A tale of two schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A tale of two schools - Essay Example The two new studies put test scores in context by studying the children's backgrounds and taking into account factors like race, ethnicity, income and parents' educational backgrounds to make the comparisons more meaningful. The extended study of charter schools has not been released. The report cautions, for example, against concluding that children do better because of the type of school as opposed to unknown factors. It also warns of great variations of performance among private schools, making a blanket comparison of public and private schools "of modest utility." And the scores on which its findings are based reflect only a snapshot of student performance at a point in time and say nothing about individual student progress in different settings. Students in private schools typically score higher than those in public schools, a finding confirmed in the study. The report then dug deeper to compare students of like racial, economic and social backgrounds. When it did that, the private school advantage disappeared in all areas except eighth-grade reading. In every specific comparison between a new small school and a large comprehensive school, the small school took in higher percentages of students meeting standards and ready to do high school work, and lower percentages of students at risk for dropping out. Much larger percentages of the incoming n... When it did that, the private school advantage disappeared in all areas except eighth-grade reading. And in math, 4th graders attending public school were nearly half a year ahead of comparable students in private school, according to the report. The report separated private schools by type and found that among private school students, those in Lutheran schools performed best, while those in conservative Christian schools did worst. In every specific comparison between a new small school and a large comprehensive school, the small school took in higher percentages of students meeting standards and ready to do high school work, and lower percentages of students at risk for dropping out. Much larger percentages of the incoming ninth and tenth grade of the new small schools had met or surpassed standards on the 8th grade New York State English Language Arts [ELA] and Math exams than the incoming class in the large comprehensive schools. Most strikingly, in one instance the small Ryer Avenue Elementary School had five times as many students meeting ELA standards and more than three times as many students meeting Math standards as the large Abraham Joshua Heschel School. The small schools had a higher percentage of the students with the demographic profile that generally predicts a successful completion of high school. The entering classes of the small schools had better 8th grade attendance records than the classes at the large schools. Many fewer of their incoming students were overage for their grade - a sign that they had either been left back or had their education disrupted. The problem here is NOT Ryer Avenue Elementary School or the other small schools. Every school, large and small, should receive the funding and supports that Bronx Aerospace receives.

Goals in life Essay Example for Free

Goals in life Essay It is the goal of every individual to adequately achieve his/her goals in life. It is what motivates them to strive and seek for something worthwhile. Each one uses this as a model for getting motivation and fulfillment in the things that they do. Amidst the setbacks that are in place, it is in here that they learn to appreciate what is important in life; hard work and determination. Moreover, our ability to transcend to other people and influence change can truly bring about capabilities to be adaptive and vibrant. Give this notion, I wish to present my intention to apply for a degree in Communication. Dialogue and exchange remain to be one of the instruments that shape man’s interaction among other people. It serves as an important determinant in molding and creating individuals who are both capable to adapt and conquer the challenges of professional practice. Given the complexities of today’s workplace, many students need to be formally trained to have the sufficient and necessary skills to cope in these changing times. By doing this, I can be competent and vigorous in the things I do. To supplement this, one must have the essential experience and leadership skills so that this relative facet be honed and cultivated. For my part, I believe that I have these necessary ideals to adequately address these challenges both in the educational environment and in the workplace. It is in here that I wish to point out my qualifications and traits that I believe can be vital towards my application in UC. At an early age, I was exposed into various endeavors that opened up my abilities and potential as a leader. Being immersed in these activities other than my study widened my horizons and opened new boundaries for me to explore. From my experience in Hong Kong to my community work in Santa Monica College, all these paved the way for such realization. At the same time, I was able to cultivate the service trait which I believe is an essential component of a good and adequate leader. Looking at my experiences, I had mentioned that I was not merely involved in academic undertaking. I too tried to develop my interpersonal skills by advocating numerous civic and extracurricular activities including sports. Back then, I was in the badminton school team since I was in grade 7(grade 7 to grade 11) I represent my school to entered many badminton competitions and came out with a good results. Moreover, I am proud to have been part of the â€Å"Duke of Edinburg Awards† (The DofE) and finished the Silver level. The DofE is a programme of activities that can be undertaken by anyone aged from 14 to 25, regardless of personal ability. In the end, all these endeavors contributed to what I am right now; competitive and vibrant. With your help, I can actively sustain this energy and create opportunities for me to create and respond actively to the needs of others. Prompt 2 I believe that determination and patience remains to be the defining factor in the way we do and handle things. It is in this light that we gain experience and insights that contribute to the way we do our tasks and responsibilities. Give the different struggles that we may encounter in these situations; we must continue to stand up and use these events as a way to facilitate a renewed effort to widen our horizons and learn from the process. It is with this adage that I come to combat every challenge that may come along the way. Coming from the United States as an immigrant, I too experienced difficulties in adjusting to the norms and culture. I had to cope up with the language barrier and effectively communicating with other people. However, this did not stop me from achieving what I wanted to be. Rather than giving up in the process, I developed my personal commitment to major in communication to help me bridge this gap and let other immigrants feel the same way. Though this task is never an easy one, I feel that my background and the way I was brought up by my father can give me the strength to tackle any challenge that may come along the way. Looking back, I am proud to say that my family raised me pretty well and gave the right norms and values to handle the pressures in the outside world. They gave me the opportunity to showcase my talent and skills in different ways. Each one did not hamper my growth but gave me the inspiration to focus on what I want. In addition, they imparted in me the lessons of patience and perseverance in everything. Now, I began to understand and appreciate what they gave me. As I brought these adages to practice, I became involved in numerous activities outside the academic realm. It has always been my belief that to achieve an element of satisfaction and fulfillment, one must go out of his/her comfort zone and serve other people. With this, I began to associate with individuals in different levels may it be in sports (badminton) or civic activities such as my participation in Duke of Edinburg Awards. Not only did these programs enhance my capabilities and skills as an individual, it also gave meaning in my life and purpose in everything that I do. My involvement as a vice president of my house was also a unique experience on my part. It proved vital for me to enhance my leadership and communication skills among other people. I became part of charity events and reaching out for disabled people. It motivated me because I am now seeing what I wanted to become and actively working harmoniously with other individuals. I learned useful skills which allow me to meet people and communicate with them. In all of these, I feel that the past five years of my life were a determining factor of what I wanted to be.

Different Views To Non Equivalence English Language Essay

Different Views To Non Equivalence English Language Essay Equivalence does not mean the source text is the only significant factor. However, equivalence does make out the translation from writing. 2. Equivalence to a manuscript in another language entails more difficulties, linguistic, temporal and cultural, and therefore, more challenges than monolingual interpretation. 3. Similarity to the source texts is neither possible nor even preferred. 4. Text type is a vital issue in deciding how much a translation should be equivalent as well as other factors such as translation purposes, demands of the clients and expectations of the target readers. 5. Equivalence is never a static term, but is similar to that of value in economics. 6. Equivalence and the techniques to achieve it cannot be dismissed all together because they represent a translation reality. He stresses that equivalence it will remain central to the practice of translation even if it is marginalized by translation studies and translation theorists. Finally (Leonardi, 2002) sees the concept of equivalence as would known is one of the most problematic and complicated issues in the study of translation theory. The term has created, and it seems quite possible that it will keep on causing, heated issues in debates in the field of translation studies. This term has been classified, studies and widely discussed from various points of view and has been reached from several various perspectives. The first debate of the concepts of equivalence in translation was the additional explanation of the term by contemporary theorists. The complexity in defining equivalence as the consequence of the impossibility of having a widespread approach to this concept. The investigation of equivalence in translation reveals that how translators exactly transfer massage in translation from the source language into target language or vice versa. 2.4 Different views to non-equivalence at a word level especially culture- specific concepts One of the most challenging tasks for all translators is how to render culture- specific concepts in a foreign language. Indeed, we will see how much attention has been paid to this problem by translation theories. (Newmark, 1987) define culture as the manner of life and its appearance that relate to a community that uses exact language as its way of expression; he also said that culture is object , processes , institutions , customs, idea peculiar to one group. While (Deretti, 1980) define culture as the whole thing that individual have produced, discovered, constructed, changed, and progressed during life. (Demo, 1987) define culture as total of knowledge, a way of life, creative and moral, main beliefs, laws, habits, as well as the capability acquired by humans as members of a community. (Albà ³, 2005) defines culture as an idea connected to personality asserting that citizens have the tendency to distinguish themselves as parts of a group due to the common distinctiveness they share with its other members and also to the differences they develop in relation to others. While (Sapir, 1986) points out that no two languages are ever completely similar to be taken as indicating the same social reality in the worlds in which various societies exist are distinctive worlds, not simply the same world with different labels attached. The idea of equivalence has a lot of disparagements and challenges. If equivalence is taken as the heart of translation, the second issue will about cases of nonequivalence in translation. As (Baker, 1992) points out, the complicatedness and the difficulties in translating from one language into another is posed by the idea of nonequivalence, or lack of equivalence. This crisis can be seen at all language levels initially from the word level up till the textual level. She explores a variety of nonequivalence troubles and their achievable solutions at the word, above word, grammatical, textual, and pragmatic levels. She takes a bottom-up approach for educational reasons. She goes on with her nonequivalence debate from the word to more upward levels. She claims that translators must not miscalculate the increasing consequence of main idea options on the way we understand the text. She also acknowledges the reality that there are translation troubles created by nonequivalence. She classifies common difficulties of nonequivalence and gives suitable strategies in handling such cases. (Baker, 1992)cultural specific concepts are those SL words may state an idea that is entirely mysterious in the target culture. They possibly will cover something to do with a spiritual belief, community custom, or even a kind of food. For instance, in Arabic, we have Jihad, as a holy word which is unidentified in the majority of the other languages. The second group is SL idea is not found in the target language which reveals that the SL word can state an idea that is identified in the target culture but basically not lexicalized. She also gives an example of landslide has no accurate equivalence in various languages. She also points out that the SL word is semantically problematical and reveals that a particular word can occasionally state a difficult meaning than an entire sentence. The other is that the TL lacks a superordinate or a hyponym which means that the TL possibly will have an exact word (hyponym) but no general words (superordinate), and vice versa. For instance, under house, English has a diversity of hyponyms which have no equivalence in several languages such as Arabic, for example in English we have: bungalow, cottage, croft, chalet, hut, and manor, lodge and so on. Diversity in meaningful is an extra difficulty of nonequivalence at the word level shown by (Baker, 1992) which show that there may present a TL word which has the similar propositional meaning as the SL word, but possibly will have a dissimilar meaningful meaning. Terms like homosexuality offer fine examples homosexuality is not a naturally uncomplimentary word in English, although it is normally used in this way. On the other hand, the equivalence expression in numerous other languages is naturally more badly and would be reasonably not easy to employ in a neutral context without suggesting strong dissatisfaction. (Nida, 1945) holds out that almost all would identify that language is most excellent classified as a branch of culture when dealing with several kinds of semantic problems, mainly those in which the culture under consideration is quite different from his or her own, for instance, the English expressions the houses of Commons are culture-bound. Similarly, the expression brother-in-law loses its meaning when translated literally into Arabic akh fi al-qaanun a brother in the law. While English applies this expression to the brother of your husband, the brother of your wife, the husband of your sister, the husband of your husbands sister, and the husband of your wifes sister, so Arabic expresses itself differently. Most significantly, in Quran translation, schools of exegesis have considered as the major part in the translation. Therefore, intra-language translation plays a major function within the target text. Translating the Quran text is the difficult job due to the fact that the translation process is fraught with pragmalinguistic and cross-cultural limitations. The Quran translator, for example, must be aware of the cultural Muslim tradition that draws a difference between exegesis tafsiir and para-transfer opinion tail. (Nida, 1964) states that a person who is engaged in translating from one language into another must to be always conscious of the dissimilarity in the entire variety of culture shown by the two languages pragmatic and contextual divides among the source language and the target language. He also shows that the semantic associations between the words of various languages have no one-to-one sets of correspondences or even one-to-many sets. The associations are always many-to-many, with more of scope for ambiguities, unclear, and unseen boundaries. Furthermore he identifies two kinds of equivalence, formal and dynamic, where formal equivalence keeps its concentration on the message itself, in both type and content. In this kind of translation one is concerned with such correspondences as poetry to poetry, sentence to sentence, and concept to concept. He calls this kind of translation a gloss translation; which aims to let the reader to comprehend more of the SL context as possible. (larson, 1984) stress that there is rarely completely equivalent between languages. Because of this, it is often essential to translate one word of the source language by a number of words in the target language in order to give the similar meaning. The fact that the target language is spoken by people of a culture which is often very dissimilar from the culture of those who speak the source language will mechanically make it hard to find lexical equivalents. The lexical difference will make it necessary for the translator to make various adjustments in the process of translation. This shows that, in translating, we often encounter source language lexical items that do not correspond semantically and grammatically to target language expressions. (Schnorr, 1986) identifies the place where a lack of cultural specific of nonequivalence can be found: 1. Festivals and celebrations: Such as standing day in pilgrimage in the Islamic World, which is an extension for the example derived by Schnorr (the idea of Guy Fawkes Day in the United Kingdom) in the Islamic world? 2. Dressing and national traditions: Such as Sari in India and shal a type of head garments in the Arab World. Tools and objects: Like Mugwar a tool for fighting in Iraqi Arabic. 3. Historical facts: Such as the restoration in England and Al-twabeen in the Islamic history. 4. Spiritual terms such as minister, priest in Christianity and Ayatollah in Islam. 5. Educational and specialist knowledge. A number of scholars have accepted the importance of the problem that appears at a culturally specific terminology of translation for example, (Pistor-Hatam, 1996) argument of translations from Persian to Ottoman Turkish beginning of the fourteenth century, remarks that Arabic tarjama2 meant to interpret, to care for way of explanation, rather than to transfer from one language to another as take place in its recent practice. (Hagen, 2003) scripts of a related period and position _ Persian-Ottoman translations in the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries _ claims that the difficulty of translation into Anatolian Turkish starts with terminology, since translating the Arabic-Turkish term tercume as translation does not fully render the idea. In local usage tercume covered a much wider capacity, by transferring a text or parts of it into another language. (Jedamski, 2005) puts a variety of terms that appear to have been used almost synonymously for translation in Malay, for example, terkarang (written, composed), terkutip (quoted, copied) and dituturkan (arranged), indicating that no single term was sufficient to describe the multiple and creative activities. (Levy, 1984) states that any reduce or remove of complex expressions in translating were morally wrong. The translator, he supposed, had the responsibility of discovering an answer to the most discouraging of the problem, and he stated that the practical view must be selected taking into account all the aspects like appearance, style and sense. If the principle of sameness cannot exist between two languages is accepted, it becomes likely to come close to the issue of loss and get into the translation method. (Nida, 1964) found rich materials about the reasons of failure in translation, in particular regarding the complication with a translator when he or she found a term or ideas in the SL that cannot be found in the TL. He cites the case of Guaica, a language of southern Venezuela, where there is small trouble in finding suitable terms for the English murder, stealing, lying, etc., but where the terms of good, bad, ugly and beautiful cover a very different area of meaning. When such difficulties are faced by the translator, the whole issue of the translatability of the text is raised. (Catford, 1965a) identifies two types of untranslatability, which he calls the linguistic and cultural. On the linguistic rank, untranslatability take place when there is no lexical or syntactical alternate in the TL for an SL it Catfords class of linguistic untranslatability, which is also introduced by (Popovic, 1971). In linguistic untranslatability, he insists, because of variations in the SL and the TL, whereby cultural untranslatability is of the absence in the TL culture of a significant situational feature of the SL text. For instance, he combines the different concepts of the term bathroom in an English, Finnish or Japanese context, where both the object and the use made of that object are not at all alike. But (Catford, 1965b) also claims that more concrete lexical items such as the English term home or democracy cannot be said as untranslatable, and holds that the English phrases like Im going home, or Hes at home can readily be provided with translation equivalents in most languages while the term democracy is international. The English phrases can be translated into the major European languages and democracy is an internationally used term. But he ignores to take into consideration two significant factors, and this seems to symbolize and add a slight approach to the issue of untranslatability. If Im going home is transferred to as Je vais chez moi, the sense meaning of the SL sentence (positive self speech aims to carry on in place of residence and/or origin) is only insecurely produced. And if, for example, the phrase is spoken by an American stay for some time in London, it could either mean a return to the immediate home or and Beyond. (Kashgary, 2010) religious vocabulary are culture-specific they have taken as a symbol group of translation nonequivalence since they cannot be correctly translated by giving their dictionary equivalents. The lexicon equivalents of these terms may be measured within the framework of Nidas estimate in translation where equivalents are specified only to estimate the meaning in universal terms and not the details since the content of these terms is extremely dissimilar from the content of their equivalents. (Korzeniowska and Warszawa:, 1994) the entire culture-specific concepts which take place in the source language but are completely unknown in the target language are the most notorious for the making the problems with finding equivalents. There possibly will be also circumstances where the source culture and source language build different distinctions in meaning from the target culture and target language. The target language may also lack a more specific concept or term (hyponym) or a more general one (superordinate). Also a literal, word for word, translation would be completely difficult: the speakers of English would neither understand the nature of this establishment in reference to source language culture, nor associate it with any institution of a similar type present in their system. Translators are always under pressure to reproduce the exact meaning of the original in the translated text. (Davies., 2003) defines culture as the set of principles, way of thinking and behaviors shared by a group and accepted by learning. These culture specific items are different among cultures as a variety of countries have a dissimilar history and experience of life. When the source text expression is found as being strange to the target audience, the strategies for dealing with nonequivalence should be applied in translating. Different types of nonequivalence should be treated using different translation strategies .While he works in the field of translation with more consideration on the translation trouble of culture specific items such as different traditions, dress, or references to a variety of types of food. He identifies a number of measures that are used in translation of culture specific items:

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Good evening parents, teachers, honored guests and soon to be graduates. My name is Ed Burrower, I'm the senior class president. A few weeks ago, I was told that I would be speaking at graduation. I was asked to put together a speech for tonight -- I've become experienced at speech writing over the past couple of weeks. The speech that you are hearing is the fourth one I've written, the recycle bin needs to be emptied at home and I need a new highlighter. Thank you, Mr. Mier, you get an "A+" for your help as my speech teacher but an "F" for saving trees. Tonight I'd like to talk to three groups of people. I'd like to talk to the teachers here at Batman High School, to the students leaving Batman and to the parents of those students here. If you're not a member of one of these groups, don't feel left out. I'm truly sorry, I have a three to five minute time limit that has been placed on me by persons that I shall not name. First of all, I'd like to talk to the parents of this class. I feel like I should talk with you first because you've put up with us the longest. You should be commended for your dedication. We'll never realize the amount you gave up for us until we're sitting where you're sitting and our children occupy our seats. Thank you for being there for our good times, more importantly our not so good times. Thank you for being there for us now and for being there for us later on, as we continue to need your loving support and wisdom. Now, I'd like to address the teachers. If you were unwilling to go the extra mile, many of us wouldn't have made it here tonight. I'd like to thank those of you who gave that extra support that so many of us have needed over the years. You've given us tools, not just facts, not just ... ...mories, accomplishments and dreams. Is everyone's toolbox the same? No, but is everyone's dream the same? No. Each of us is going off in our own direction. We'll need different tools for the different dreams we choose to pursue. I hope that makes sense to you. A point that needs to be made tonight is the only one who can close your toolbox, the only one that can stop you from following whatever your dream, is you. There will always be room for more tools -- more memories, new experiences, grander accomplishments, and yes, even bigger dreams. I will always look back with fondness on everything that I've learned here, but I look forward with even greater anticipation on the good things to come. Tonight, let's all take a moment and look forward. Forward to our dreams, not our of fear, but with confidence that someday they will be our reality. Thank you, all of you.

Marketing Research on the New Volkswagen Golf Essay -- Business Manage

Marketing Research on the New Volkswagen Golf Marketing research aims to take some of the risk out of marketing decisions by providing information that can form part or the entire basis of decision-making. It is applicable to all aspects of marketing-mix decisions and should be an integral part of the process of formulating marketing strategy. Marketing research by definition is the function that links the consumer, customer and public to the market through information- information used to identify and define marketing opportunities and problems; generate, refine, and evaluate marketing actions; monitor marketing performance; and improve understanding of marketing as a process. Marketing researches specifies the information required to address these issues; designs the method for collecting information; manages and implements the data-collection process; analysis the result; and communicate the findings and their implications. (Source: American Market Association 1987) Divisions of Marketing Research Market research: provide information on market segmentation, brands shares, customer characteristics and motivations, competitors’ brands shares. Advertising and promotion research: provide information on the most suitable method of promotion, media, and the effectiveness of the communications in achieving objectives. Product research: provides information on opportunities for new product development, product design requirements, and comparative performance. Distribution research: provide information on suitable distribution methods, the appropriateness of channel members, the best location for warehouses and retail outlets. Sales research: provide information on the effectiveness of sales methods and techniques, establishing sales territories, the adequacy of remuneration methods, sales training requirements. Marketing environment research: provide information on political influences, economic influences, social influences, technological influences. Market Research Market research is a systematic, objective collection and analysis of data about the target market, competition, and environment with the goal being increases understanding through the market research process, a variety of related or non-related facts can be obtained by the data collection to guide the business decisions. Market research is not an activity conducted only once; it is an on... ... for 2004†. Advertisements were carried out from both national wide and world wide through newspapers, magazines, radio stations, televisions, and internet. Discounts on basic models such as 1.6 S. Typical 0% APR on selected models such as 1.6 S, 1.9 TDI. Purchasing price also includes 3year/60000miles warranty. Conclusion From the example illustrated we could understand that to make a correct and appropriate decision, we have to first of all carry out a series of market research using technical methods such as the SWOT analysis and market segmentation to provide information which can be used to estimate the marketing policy. Thus, market research provides the basis if early stages of marketing planning, it is an essential step for the whole marketing research process. Reference:  · Tony Proctor, â€Å"Essential of marketing research†, Second edition.  · Wright & Crimp, â€Å"The marketing research process†, fifth edition.  · www.vw.co.uk  · http://www.germancarfans.com/news.cfm/newsid/2030923.001/page/1/lang/ eng/volkswagen/1.html  · http://townhall-talk.edmunds.com/direct/view/.ee9a960/510  · http://www.cbsc.org/ontario/english/search/display.cfm?Code=4013&coll=FE_ FEDSBIS_E

systems analysis :: essays research papers

Overview. The process is designed to handle the interaction with customers and suppliers, and also deals with stock control. Invoice and payment data is recorded. For clarity I have noted down the following: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Head Office consists of  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Product Management   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sales †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A Local Branch consists of  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A Local Office   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Warehouse   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Distribution Preliminary List of Entities. In my top-down analysis of the Metropolitan Pharmaceuticals scenario, I have first attempted to produce a preliminary list of candidate entities. These are as follows: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Customer †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Customer Order †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Customer Invoice †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sales  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Occurs only once so isn’t included †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Product †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Product Order †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Supplier †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Supplier Invoice  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finance  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Occurs only once so isn’t included †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Local Branch †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Local Office  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Is part of Local Branch so isn’t included †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Distribution  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Is part of Local Branch so isn’t included †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Warehouse  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Is part of Local Branch so isn’t included †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stock The following page shows my list of probable entities: List of Probable Entities. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Customer †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Customer Order †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Customer Invoice †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Product †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Product Order †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Supplier †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Supplier Invoice  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Local Branch †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stock Descriptions and expected essential attributes for the above entities: Since the system analysis is focused on dealing with customers, suppliers and handling products, I have included all entities which I believe participate in these activities. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Customer Description:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Retail chemist shops or pharmacies associated with shops, hospitals or medical practices. All require a supply of products from the Metropolitan Pharmaceuticals system. Attributes:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Customer ID  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Identifying attribute Name   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Address   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Telephone Number   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fax Number   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  e-mail   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Contact Name   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Delivery Address   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Credit Rating †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Customer Order Description:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An order placed by the Customer requesting the delivery of product. Attributes:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Order Number  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Identifying attribute   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Customer ID Product ID Quantity †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Customer Invoice Description:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An invoice sent to the Customer from the Finance department, requesting payment for the delivered goods. Attributes:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Invoice Number  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Identifying attribute Order ID Date Amount to be paid †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Product Description:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An item that is supplied by the Metropolitan Pharmaceuticals system. Attributes:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Product ID  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Identifying attribute Name   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Description   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Category  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (A,B,C or D)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stock Item  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Yes or No) †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Product Order Description:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An order that is sent to either the Supplier (if it is a non-stock item) or a Local Branch (if it is a stocked item), requesting the delivery of a product to a customer. Attributes:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Order Number  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Identifying attribute Date Product Customer ID   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Quantity †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Supplier Description:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A company that is able to supply a range of products to Metropolitan Pharmaceuticals. Metropolitan Pharmaceuticals does not manufacture any of its products, but instead, uses suppliers who either produce or procure the products. Attributes:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Supplier ID  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Identifying attribute Name Address Telephone Number   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fax Number   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  e-mail  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Supplier Invoice Description:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An invoice that is sent by the supplier to Metropolitan Pharmaceuticals requesting payment for the product it has provided. Attributes:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Invoice Number  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Identifying attribute Date   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Amount to be paid †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Local Branch Description:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A local outlet that contains a Local Office, a Warehouse and a Distribution Center. Attributes:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Branch ID  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Identifying attribute   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Name   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Address Telephone Number †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stock Description:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A full inventory of products that are held in stock at the local branch. Attributes:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stock ID  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Identifying attribute   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Product ID Location  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  eg. Shelf number   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Quantity   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Re-Order level Entity Links or Dependencies. Now to identify which pairs of entities have an association between themselves. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Customer is related to Customer Order: Justification:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Customer places Customer Order Customer Order is placed by Customer

Exceptionalism: Native Americans in the United States and Pew Research Center Essay

The idea of American exceptionalism is not a new one. Thomas Jefferson spoke of civilizing the Indians many believed they were savages. Surely the Native Americans thought the white newcomers were the savages. The white men forced the Natives off of the â€Å"new† land and proceeded to murder them. The United States continues this tradition today, going into countries where we are not welcome, and trying to change them, make them more like us. What I can gather from reading Wilfred McClay’s, The Founding Fathers, is that he believes America is what is because of our past. From the time the Europeans came to America to settle, we have believed we are superior. Mr. McClay states that we need to stay connected to past and learn from those who discovered our great Nation (McClay 2006). Following his writing was not easy, it did not seem quite clear. It seems as though he feels Americans place themselves on a pedestal, but that is why our country is so great. Americans justify their actions by making our own stories; we teach people what we want them to know, not what truly happened. Howard Zinn does not feel Americans should insist on exceptionalism (Zinn 2005). The United States does not have the right to push its beliefs on the other nations of the world. He discusses the issues of American Superiority in his article, The Power and Glory. According to Mr. Zinn, there is a growing trend among Americans who refuse to accept that we are a superior people. A 2011 Gallup Poll confirms this statement. In 2002 approximately 60% of Americans believed our culture was superior to others (Pew Research Center 2011). In 2011 number dropped to 49% (Pew Research Center). I agree with Howard Zinn in that Americans are not exceptional, we are from other people, just as each individual is different. Although many believe we are better because we have so much freedom, and we are the land of opportunity, we are not. We have homeless people, our politicians are corrupt, and children go to bed hungry. The United States bully’s other countries for our own self-interest. Decisions are made to take control of other countries. What other military has bases all over the planet? The United States needs to take care of its own people, and then it will be exceptional. I have been to other countries, and in my eyes, they seem to be doing it right, but I am sure they have their own issues as well. Bibliography McClay, Wilfred M. 2006. The Founding Nations. First Things. March 2006. Accessed January 24, 2015. http://www. firstthings. com/article/2006/03/the-founding-of- nations Pew Research Center. 2011. The American-Western European Gap. Pew Research Center. November 17, 2011. Accessed January 29, 2015. www. pewglobal .org/2011/11/17/the-american-western-european-values-gap/ Zinn, Howard. 2005. The Power and the Glory. Boston Review. June 1,2005. Accessed January 25, 2015. http://bostonreview. net/zinn-power-glory.

Civic Duties of Teenagers

Quinn Bailey 3/4/2013 polite Duties of striplings Introduction Civic duty is the obligation to each of us to leave our community in a better condition than we found it. e very person in our country has even ups, and with those reclaims come in responsibilities. That is what polite duty is, your remediates and responsibilities that help erect to society. any(prenominal) maven day we accomplish these tasks to help better our country as a whole. Teen durationrs exigency a spacious role in this circle, whether they believe it or not. The civic duties that teenagedagers perform argon a crucial part of our society, because they are the ones who pay back up to be the next generation.Rights of a Teenager As a teen, you are entitled to your pay offs. Its easy to c in altogether in all up that teens consent no power everywhere anything, even their own belongs. However, teenagers curb untold decents than you might intend back. Many of a teenagers safes al-Qaida from having the ability to list a refreshed decision with step to the fore parental consent. Every single day, teenagers everywhere are blindly fulfilling their civic duties. When a teenager goes to school, they pledge obedience to the flag. They are basically making a pledge to the United States of the States stating that they go out fulfill their civic duties.I like to think of this as signing a subdue, and most of them do it without even knowledgeable it. Some of a teens rights are lawful rights, meaning they are leaveted by law. One lawful right is going to school. Children have the right to a free open fosterage parentage at age six. Teens sixteen and aged(a) have the right to decide if they deprivation to go after school or not. In most states, a parent is unavoidable to sign agreeing with this decision. An new(prenominal) lawful right teenagers have is being able to have a job. Some states allow you to depart working as early as age fourteen.Another lawful rig ht that teenagers have is the right to feel safe. A teen has the right to feel safe from all emotional and physical harm. If a teenager does not feel safe, they have the effectual right to be taken out of the situation and placed in a safer one. Teenagers also have unwritten rights, or norms. These rights arent lawful, meaning they are a choice. One unwritten right is the right to sweat. In most states, when you address fourteen you cigarette obtain an instructional permit if you whelm a written test. With this permit, you realize to drive with a licensed bad in the car.Then, when you originate sixteen you stern abbreviate a drivers license if you pass a driving test. Responsibilities of a Teenager From the point of view of a teenager, Every generation has a role they need to play in society, and whether they think so or not, teens have one similarly (Simpson, Nealle). until nowtually, the teenagers are going to turn into adults. As you progress finished your teen years , you cumulate much rights. This teaches you to make good decisions, some(prenominal) times without parental consent. I codt think teenagers should be evaluate to do more things, give tongue to Nealle. They already have enough on their plates. In America, teenagers are very well off. In umteen other parts of the world, teenagers have few rights compared to Ameri earth-closets. In some countries, girls set married as early as fourteen she stated. And the worst part is that they take for grantedt even get to get hold of who they marry From the point of view of a middle aged person, Teenagers should divide their substance of society duties (Simpson, Jud). Every teenger should contribute so that a booming society sight exist. When youre a teenager you rather just shuffle your way through life, said Jud. Its a corking time to make mistakes, but its also essential to key out from those mistakes. Jud joints that when he was a kid, rules were much more strict, and they were discipline harder and more a great deal. Teens arent taught to be as loveful now a days, he said. From the point of view of a senior, Teenagers allot as better role models to other teenagers than adults (Bailey). If kids see another kid doing it, they think its cool, so they try it. rarely do teens listen to adults about whats in and what isnt, explains Bailey. In America, a right percent of teenagers often volunteer in their community, but Bailey has a different pinion. I think teenagers should volunteer more often, he said. The definition of civic duty is literally the activities that one does to serve their community. Teens dont often think about how queen-sized their role is in society said Bailey. When I was younger, I was in all sorts community projects. Bailey would like to see more teens signing up to volunteer, but he is very strong about his perspective that it should be a choice. He thinks adults should top teenagers in the right direction, and then allow them make the decisions. be a teenager is a good time to cop how to make amenable decisions. It should be voluntary, says Bailey. You can entrust a horse to water, but you cant make them drink. My Civic Duties I find myself very lucky to lodge in the United States of America. Sadly, in more other countries teenagers like me are much less fortunate and have few rights. What is even more sad to me is that many teenagers take for granted the rights they inherit as U. S. citizens. One example is that some teens real take up the opportunity to toss out out of high school whenever they get the chance.It upsets me that they dont continue with their education and become a better better citizen, especially considering it is free. As an American, I share the right of free speech with all other citizens. I also moderate the right to drive. As of age fourteen, I am legally able to drive after going through straitlaced instruction. I also have the right to own animals. I am very luc ky to be able to say that I have the right to an education. In some other countries, like Mexico, they do not have free public education. I think this is partly what makes America so successful.In Alaska, when I turn fourteen I have the right to employment. I believe that this is a nice setting of our society in America, because it teaches teenagers like me to learn how to work with others and manage expenses. In turn, they can grow up to be responsible with money. They will also grow up to be cooperative when working with a group of flock. As a citizen, I also have the right to make a motion abroad with a U. S. Passport. Another right I have is the right to go my religion. I am able to live freely and express my religion without consequence.Where thither are rights, there are responsibilities. I feel like many teenagers my age think that they get all of these rights without having any responsibilities. One example is evenhandedlying up after themselves. Many teens expect thing s to be clean for them, yet they never clean up after themselves. I often see teenagers littering, whether it be leaving fictile bottles on the side of the road, or evidently just leaving wads of mutter under the table. One of my responsibilities is to attend school. non only moldiness I attend school, I must also blast all of my work in mold to learn and be a successful student.I have the responsibility to stay cognizant about things like current events and politics on local, state, national and worldwide levels. Being successful with my education will breath to my becoming a literate and procreative citizen. I have the responsibility to learn how to drive, and how to drive responsibly. The government promises me protection, and in turn I must abide by the laws and be a good citizen no matter where I am. When traveling abroad, I have the responsibility to be a good ambassador for the United States. Even though I have the right to exercise my religion, that does not mean I can dis find other peoples religions.I have the responsibility to respect all other religions, and in turn other people should also respect my religious views. Conclusion In conclusion, I believe that teenagers have a consequential role in our society. It is of utmost splendour for us as teenagers, the next generation, to acknowledge that although we are given a server of very enjoyable and enticing rights, we must uphold the responsibilities that couple these rights. If we fail to pair our responsibilities, the results could be disastrous, and we will create an undesirable, unsafe, smooth and unhealthy society for us and emerging generations to live in.

Joint Family and Kinship in India

INTRODUCTIONIndia offers astounding variety in fountainhead-nigh e real aspect of affable life. Diversities of ethnic, linguistic, argonnaal, scotch, spiritual, class, and caste groups get over Indian troupe, which is besides permeated with enormous urban-rural differences and gender distinctions. Differences amid northeast India and south India atomic number 18 particularly signifi fagt, curiously in dodgings of phylogenetic relation and spousals. Indian society is mixed to an extent perhaps unkn let in any(prenominal) separate of the worlds massive civilizationsit is much(prenominal)(prenominal) the like an bea as varied as Europe than any other single nation-state.Adding provided variety to contemporary Indian culture ar rapidly occurring diversifys affecting dissimilar regions and socioeconomic groups in disparate elans. Yet, amid the complexities of Indian life, widely meeted ethnic themes enhance neighborly harmony and order. some Indian societ ies were nonionized around principles of phylogenetic relation. phylogenetic relation ties based on bloodlines or wedding inninged the hardlytocks of the political, economic, and religious dodging. sequence to political office and religious positions, possessership and getance of fitty, and even whom one could or could non espouse were mulish on the basis of membership in a kin group. Social bonds with congenators must be reinforced at family events or at rites life-and-death to the religious community.Indian SocietyHierarchyIndia is a hierarchical society. Whether in north India or south India, Hindu or Muslim, urban or village, virtu all(prenominal)y all things, state, and well-disposed groups argon rank according to various essential qualities. Although India is a political democracy, nonions of complete equality be seldom manifest in daily life.Societal hierarchy is evident in caste groups, amongst individualistic(a)s, and in family and race groups . Castes atomic number 18 primarily associated with Hinduism, further caste-like groups excessively exist among Muslims, Indian, Christians, and other religious communities. Within most villages or towns, everyone knows the relative rankings of each locally re premiseed caste, and sort is invariably shaped by this knowledge.Individuals be to a fault ranked according to their wealth and power. For example, around powerful multitude, or big men, sit confidently on chairs, spell little men come before them to f be requests, both standing or squatting not presuming to sit beside a man of high term as an equal.Hierarchy plays an important role within families and affinity groupings likewise, where men rank women of similar age, and senior relatives outrank junior relatives. Formal respect is accorded family membersfor example, in Union India, a daughter-in-law shows deference to her keep up, to all senior in-laws, and to all daughters of the business firm. Siblings, too, recognize age differences, with younger siblings addressing older siblings by respectful terms alternatively than by name.Social InterdependenceOne of the great themes pervading Indian life is kind interdependence. People atomic number 18 born into groupsfamilies, clans, sub castes, castes, and religious communitiesand brood with a constant sense of being part of and natural from these groups. A corollary is the notion that everything a soulfulness does the right counseling subscribe tos interaction with other people. A per watchwords greatest dread, perhaps, is the scuttle of being left alone, without social fiscal support, to face the inevitable challenges of life.This sense of interdependence is extended into the theological nation the very shape of a persons life is seen as being greatly cultivated by divine beings with whom an on-going relationship must be assigned. Psychologically, family members typically take through intense emotional interdependence. E conomic activities, too, atomic number 18 late imbedded in a social nexus. Through a multitude of affinity ties, each person is conjugate with kin in villages and towns near and far. Almost every dis nates a person goes he fundament fall upon a relative from whom he coffin nail express moral and practical support.In every activity, social ties can dish out a person and the absence of them can bring failure. Seldom do people retain out even the simplest tasks on their own. When a thin child eats, his sustain puts the regimen into his mouth with her own hand. When a girl brings water base from the swell up in pots on her head, someone helps her unload the pots. A student hopes that an influential relative or booster amplifier can facilitate his college admission. A young person anticipates that parents will arrange his or her marriage. Finally, a person facing death expects that relatives will conduct the proper funeral rites ensuring his own smooth passage to the next portray of existence and reaffirming social ties among mourners.This sense of interdependence extends into the theological realm. From birth onward, a child learns that his fate has been indite by divine forces and that his life is shaped by powerful deities with whom an ongoing relationship must be maintained.Social interaction is regarded as being of the highest priority, and social bonds are expected to be long lasting. Even economic activities that might in western culture involve impersonal interactions are in India deeply imbedded in a social nexus. All social interaction involves constant attention to hierarchy, respect, honor, the feelings of others, rights and responsiblenesss, hospitality, and gifts of food, clothing, and other desirable items. finely tuned rules of etiquette help facilitate each individuals many social relationships. .Indian Family structureIndian family structure is believed to be the unit that teaches the values and expense of an honest supporti ng that convey been carried down crossways generations. Since the puranic ages, Indian family structure was that of a marijuana cigarette family indicating every person of the same clan documentation together. However, this idea of elaborate sprightliness had been disintintegrated in small family units. The essential themes of Indian cultural life are learned within the bosom of a family.The super acid family is extremely valued, ideallyconsisting of several generations residing, working, eating, and worshiping together. Such families take men related through the potent line, along with their wives, children, and single daughters. A married woman usually lives with her conserves relatives, although she retains important bonds with her natal family. Even in rapidly new-fashionedizing India, the conventional word family line dust for most Indians the primary social force, in two ideal and practice.Large families tend to be flexible and well suited to modern Indian life, especially for the more than two-thirds of Indians who are involved in agriculture. As in most primarily agricultural societies, cooperating kin help provide mutual economic security. The join family is also common in cities, where phylogenetic relation ties are practically crucial to obtaining employment or financial assistance. more prominent families, such(prenominal) as theTatas, Birlas, and Sarabhais, retain articulate family arrangements as they cooperate in controlling major financial empires The ancient ideal of the pronounce family retains its power, and today actual living arrangements vary widely. Many Indians live in thermonuclear families-a couple with their unmarried children-but belong to self-colored networks of beneficial affinity ties. Often, clusters of relatives live as neighbors, responding readily to their chemical attraction obligations.As they expand, pronounce families typically secern into smaller units, which gradually grow into unexam pled crossroads families, continuing a perpetual cycle. Today, some family members may move about to take advantage of job opportunities, typically sending money home to the gravidr family.FAMILY TRANSFORMATIONAn Analytical look on various studies by opposite sociologist post of viewsThe Study of family in India centers on the debate of sum family versus nuclear family. The initiative authentic strike on family comes from the writings of Sir enthalpy Maine, who was law adviser to the colonial government of India.He highly-developed intellectual interest in family studies. He indicated that vocalise family is characterized byCommon retention holding.Absolute berth of Karta.He considered that phrase family is corporate unit where people make region contrastively but share rewards on the basis of their needs. He said that adjunction family sustains in India because it is considered as moral institution with the members are obliged to discharge rituals for common dead an cestorsGS Ghurye considered that joint family is a reaping of Indian culture that glorified classical values. on that point is universal presence of joint family cutting across caste, religion which promoted unity among people in Indian society.PN Prabhu in his analysis of family and kinship in India considers that individual association with joint family is set by moralist, thus when morals is replaced by individualism (when tradition is replaced by contemporaneity) then joint family is trans traffic patterned into nuclear family.Irawati Karve offered an arrant(a) definition of joint family. She writes that joint family refers to a social group where people belonging to 3 4 generations organically related to each other, hold station in common, share common residence, eat food prepared in common kitchen, participate in common rituals and ceremonies and they produce, obligations towards the head of the family known as Karta. She considers that joint family is a product of c ulture and therefore disdain economic trans compriseation joint family formation persists in India. It sustains itself as it is driven by cultural political orientation rather than driven by economic interest.During mid-sixties two group of sociologist took considerable interest in the field of family study. One group conforming to modern theory looked into complete integration of joint family system whereas the other group went for empirical studies to shew regional variations in family break under the various parade of contemporaneity. These two theories cannot beconsidered as qualitatively different because there position stand vary only on the irresolution of the degree of changes in family.MN Srinivas, SC Dubay find out that there is a strong linkage among caste and joint family. confirmable study indicates that higher castes go for joint family system and lower castes go for nuclear family. hence joint family is driven by economic logic rather than cultural moralist . It is also noticed that joint family is not breaking down completely under the wreak of urban living.Alan Rose in a study of Bangalore finds out that around 70% of families manifest either structural joint ness of functional joint ness or a categorisation of both. MS Gore in his study of Agarwals of Delhi finds out that how commence son relationship precedes over preserve wife relationship and family operates as a strong support base to its members in progenys related to selection of occupation, financial assistance and selection of mates. TN Madan indicates how residential separation has not given way to break down of joint family. In his theory of money order saving he indicates that family joint ness has always been stable in movement of India.Thus these scholars concluded by give tongue to that family transformation in India is not a replica of family transformation in the West. indeed social change in India is Indian in character and so Western theories and model s cannot explain family transformation in Indian societyHousehold dimensions of the FamilyFamily transformation in India has puts a fundamental question that, whether in India joint household is disintegrating or joint family is disintegrating. He finds out that proportion of joint household is more today in comparison to past. He points out the reasons for the same i.e. due to rising population construction of house has become costly, migration in hunting of employment etc. Bigger joint households are now splitting into smaller households.People living in different households have strong emotional ties therefore joint household is disintegrating but not joint family and so family should be studied from household billet andchanges in household and family dominions must be investigated to examine actual nature of family transformation in India.Classical sociologists were greatly committed to family study either by considering family as cornerstone of human society or by looking i nto changing nature of society. With the advent of modernity it was perceived that household is a residential position but family is a social institution. However, with the rise of feminism both as an ideology and as social movement, womens approach towards marriage has gone through a series of transformation. AM Shah in his book household dimension of the family in India indicate that even in traditionalistic context, household and family do not stand for similar things.Citing the cutting of India he considers that family and household were utterly different but family studies in India immensely think attention on the transformation of joint family into nuclear family. Household refers to residential space where people living together may or may not constitute family. Looking at household pattern one could effectively study nature and form of transformation taking place in Indian society. In recent analysis of global migration and family pattern, it has been anchor out that in countries like Philippines and India a large chunk of women in search of employment go out to advanced countries of the world. Though most of them are married they dont stay with their family. As a pass on they constitute independent household.These households may constitute many friends living together or a person living with working partner to whom he/she is not married or a person living all alone. It is generally perceived in typeface of India that household is less durable an alternative to family system, which gives more importance to companionship than kinship. Household offer immense individual liberty, sexual freedom, limited or no liability towards the other members of the household. Thus it can be concluded that household is evolving into a replacement for family in many developing countries including India. because sociology of kinship is duty period its focus from the study of marriage and family to the study of friendship and household.Sexual Division of Labou rFeminist sociologists are of the opinion that whether its joint family or nuclear family, in no way family transformation is affecting to the experimental condition of women in India. Therefore reproduction, sexuality, division of labour are all determined by the values of patriarchy than by principles of equality. Talcott parson indicates that industrialisation, urbanization, migration have contributed for occupational mobility, empowerment of women and gender breaking within and outside family has sufficiently been reduced.The modernist theory also indicates that in case of India relationship between husband and wife is now proceeding over parent-child relationship. connubial relationship is considered as more important than obligation towards kinship. Irrespective of gender every child inherits the property from parents, selection of mates is no longer familys responsibility and childbirth is greatly a matter of economics and mutual agreement between spouse. Therefore modern ity has broken down traditional form of marriage, hierarchical form of relationship.Traditionally, males have controlled key family resources, such as land or businesses, especially in high-status groups. Following traditional Hindu law, women did not inherit real estate and were thus beholden to their male kin who controlled land and buildings. Under Muslim accustomed law, women canand doinherit real estate, but their shares have typically been smaller than those of males. Modern rule allows all Indian women to inherit real estate.Traditionally, for those families who could generate it, women have controlled some wealth in the form of precious jewelry. In the Indian household, lines of hierarchy and potentiality are clearly drawn, and ideals of conduct help maintain family harmony. i All family members are socialized to accept the authority of those above them in the hierarchy. The eldest male acts as family head, and his wife supervises her daughters-in-law, among whom the you ngest has the least authority. Reciprocally, those in authority accept responsibility for meeting the needs of other family members.Systems of Kinship in IndiaKinship is considered as the heart and soul of Indian social life. Despite Indias exposure to technological and industrial modernity, fund plays a significant role in the life of people. GS Ghurye writes in detail about various declivity groups living together in different regions of the country carrying different names and identities. These different profligate groups bringing together a multi-civilization thereby qualification India a land of pluralism. However, all these breed groups tope common rules of marriage, common food behavior, common cultural, religious ideology radiating from Hinduism and that make Indian society a land of renewing.Indologists look into the role of line of business in defining marriage, family and kinship in India. The people belonging to similar descent group are located in a given region where they worship to their common ancestors, take up common way of life and when the size of descent group expands, they transmigrate to different areas but still carry their identity. Therefore caste is nothing but an expanded descent system that maintains its boundary, distinguishing itself from the other caste.Andre Beteille indicates association of man and kinship is so strong in India that voting behavior is driven by kinship rather than on the basis of merit. In all the political parties of India kinship is the primary source of political recruitment. Thus re unexclusivean polity in India is engaged in social and cultural reproduction.In case of India family/kinship offers ideological, economic, infrastructural support to individual to determine the nature of occupation. In conclusion it can be said that the role of descent and kinship not only determines the private sphere of an individuals life like marriage, family, household, gender role, rituals but also has great in fluence over his public life like occupational selection, political union and identity formation. Therefore the role of descent and kinship has changed very little under the influence of modernity in India and so while studying social transformation one cannot afford to ignore the same.Lineage system can be divided into two split in India i.e.Unilineal systems a system of find out descent groups in which one belongs to ones arrives or mothers lineage. Both patrilineality and matrilineality are types of unilineal descent.Non-Unilineal systems a system where there exists multiple forms of relationship.Classical anthropologists divide descent groups into two fundamental types such asPatrilineal inheriting or determining descent through the male line.Matrilineal inheriting or determining descent through the female line.Types of kinship systemsKinship is a relationship between any entity that share a genealogical origin (related to family, lineage, history), through either biologic al, cultural, or historical descent. The first sociologist to study kinship systems in India is Irawati Karve, she divided India into four different kinship zones such as conglutination Indian kinship systems.South Indian kinship systems.Central Indian kinship systems.Eastern Indian kinship systems. northernmost Indian kinship systemsThis kinship system is inaugurate in Hindi speaking belt and also in areas where Aryan culture influence is substantive. It includes West Bengal, Orissa and Bihar. In North India kinship systems, the rules of marriage is highly exhaustive because a large body of people are excluded from alliance relationship. One cannot receive women from his mothers group or mothers mother group, fathers mother group and from within his own village. Hence exogamy is quite exhaustive and marriage involves not intra-family ties but inter-village ties. Residential system is very Virilocal (bride lives with husbands fathers group) type . In North Indian kinship father so n relationship precedes over husband wife relationship.South Indian kinship systemsThis type of relationship system is mostly present in all southern states and some of its influence is also largely noticed in pockets of Maharashtra and Orissa. In southern India kinship systems, no distinction is made between patrilineal or matrilineal. In case of South India cross cousins marriage take place and so exogamy is not exhaustive like in North India. The relationship between husband and wife is not subdued to father son relationship as in case of North India. Hostility of relationship between the in laws driven by suspicion is also weak in South India.Central Indian kinship systemsThis system is apt in case of Gujarat, Maharashtra, MP which is a mixture of elements of North and South India. In case of Rajputs marriage is greatly determined on the basis of family status of girl. Rajputs are permitted to hook up with any girl on the basis of their choice rather than simply follow the rules of caste. Marathas are divided into 32 clans which are put into primary, secondary and tertiary divisions and so the rules of marriage are determined accordingly between various divisions. In case of Kumbi of Gujarat one is not supposed to marry women belonging to first-generation from fathers side and three generations from mothers side. In case of Rajasthan on the auspicious day of Akshaya Tritiyamassive marriages take place involving people belonging to different age groups and their rules of marriage is sufficiently relaxed.Eastern India kinship systemsIt largely includes kinship patterns followed by different tribal groups like Munda of Orissa, Manipuri of Manipur, Nagas, Kukis and Khasi. These kinship systems dont follow specific patterns .A daughter carries the name of patrilineal nan and son carries the name of patrilineal grandfather, divorce is common among them In conclusion these regional variations in kinship largely speaks about differential residential patterns , entitlement on the basis of gender, social status of men, women and children bringing the point back home that Indian culture is largely pluralistic in character.Therefore unity in India should not be seen as destruction of the process of diversity but rather it should respect the process of diversity.CONCLUSIONGradual changes have been ushered in by religious, social, and cultural reforms. Industrialization, urbanization, and technological advances have been instrumental in changing family structures, values, and lifestyles. Ganeswar Misra (1995) emphasized that middle- and u families in urban areas were undergoing a dramatic transformation because the younger generation is questioning power issues, traditional roles, hierarchical relationships, obligations, loyalty, and deference for kinsmen and elderly.With changing times, Indian family structure, functions, traditional division of labor, and authority patterns have altered, favoring more democratic relations between the husb and and the wife and also a move toward more shared decision-making patterns between parents and children. Despite these changes, the fact remains that most individuals rest to value and give top priority to the family, and families cover up to maintain strong kinship bonds and ties.