The House And Senate Parenthood Essay - 1701 Words

both the House and Senate s floor do not come from Planned Parenthood themselves. As stated by Planned Parenthood, the organization does not keep track of the total number of pregnant women it serves or the total number of services they provided to those pregnant women. â€Å"The figure comes from adding together the numbers Planned Parenthood did provide for its abortion procedures (327,653), prenatal services (18,684) and the adoption referrals (1,800) and then dividing the number of abortions by the cumulative figure (348,217).† (â€Å"Planned Parenthood’s Services†) After calculating that false 94 percent, it is not only used by Senators and Representatives to gain ground to defund Planned Parenthood, it is also used by other anti-abortion groups. The issue with the arithmetic to result with the 94 percent is that they are leaving out other essential services provided by Planned Parenthood. Accurate calculations can change the entirety of the argument being made to defund Planned Parenthood. The claims being made by Representative Bill Patmon state; â€Å"94 percent of the people going to Planned Parenthood who are pregnant end up having an abortion.† (â€Å"Planned Parenthood’s Services†) Not only is this fictional number of 94 percent causing issues, the overall fact that where they are creating this number. They are assuming the number of clients that used Planned Parenthood s services were pregnant. Planned Parenthood Federation of America spokesman Eric Ferrero said. â€Å"PlannedShow MoreRelatedThe Parenthood Act Of 2015 Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesBill H.R.3134 Defund Planned Parenthood Act of 2015 was introduced by Rep. Diane Black (R-TN-6) in the House. This bill calls to call to prohibit for a year the availability of federal funds for Planned Parenthood, and it was passed in the House, but failed to do so in the Senate. Remarkably, S teve King (R-IA-4) voted present, and Charlie Dent (R-PA-15), Robert Dold (R-IL10), and Richard Hanna (R-NY-22), all Republicans voted against the bill. On the other hand, only 2 members of the DemocraticRead MorePlanned Parenthood : A Controversial Topic Sweeping The Nation Of America With Political And Moral Issues1379 Words   |  6 PagesPlanned Parenthood is a controversial topic sweeping the nation of America with political and moral issues. Every day one could come across a new article on it, stubble upon a news article in their local paper or even on their local news station. Planned Parenthood directly provides reproductive health services, is involved in teach young students about sexual education, contributes to research in reproductive technology, and interacts with legal and political efforts aimed at protecting and developingRead MoreCongress Of The Dc / Wall Street Network1232 Words   |  5 Pagessequentially (1,2,3, etc.) and have a prefix of S. or H.R., dependin g on whether the bill originates in the Senate (S.) or the House of Representative (H.R.). A bill has to pass both houses of Congress that being the House of Representatives and Senate and must also be signed by the President. He can sign it and it becomes law. He can also veto it, which means in returns to the house where it originated.  As the writer of the bill I have to be aware of the need for a change and it should be carefullyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Affordable Care Act810 Words   |  4 Pagesthe latest releases of the Kaiser Family Foundation website is Ten Ways That the House American Health Care Act Could Affect Women. This article breaks down the new American Health Care Act (AHCA) and compares it to the Affordable Care Act (ACA), with a special emphasis on the impact on women. The ten points discussed in the article are as follows: â€Å"Medicaid eligibility, capping federal Medicaid and Planned Parenthood, abortion coverage, tax credits, premium and cost-sharing subsidies, insuranceRead MoreThe Federal Government Of The United States Congress956 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States Congress, comprised of the House of Representatives and the Senate, composes the Legislative Branch of the federal government of the United States. Congress is supposed to be extremely effective at enacting legislation dealing with major national issues, both at the domestic level and the foreign level. However, in recent years, members of Congress with differing views have not been able to find middle ground and enact much-needed legislation, although they often did in the pastRead MoreEssay On The Campaign Before Running For The Office In Texas733 Words   |  3 Pageswe need to decide which party to run for between the House of the Representative or Senate. According to the chart that was provided for the candidates spend in 2016, the average cost for the Senate is about a dollar per vote. Whereas the average cost for the House of the Representative start around three dollars per vote and the price goes up significantly. Which concludes that running as House of the Representative costs more than the Senate in Texas. In order to raise money for the campaign, IRead More Restrictions On Abortion Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen made, we will look at the history of Roe. Secondly, we will look at Webster verses Reproductive Health Services (1989) and Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992)-the Supreme Court cases which further restricted Roe. And then we look to the most controversial piece of abortion legislation since Roe was decided: The Partial Birth Abortion Ban-House Rule 1833 and Senate Rule 6. Since the decision of Roe verses Wade in 1973, the conservative wing of the American Political spectrum has sought to imposeRead MorePlanned Parenthood Is A Widely Known Nonprofit Organization.1046 Words   |  5 PagesPlanned Parenthood is a widely known nonprofit organization. They are the health care provider for millions of people within our nation. When people hear the words Planned Parenthood they automatically assume abortion. Yes, abortion is a service that they offer yet, they deliver much more than that. They deliver and educate us about birth control, cancer, men and women’s sexual health, pregnancy, sexual orientation and offer the Morning-After Pill (emergency contraception) and sexually transmittedRead MoreShould The Government Defund Planned Parenthood?1517 Words   |  7 PagesIn the past year Planned Parenthood has been the topic of discussion in the Government and political circuit. A scandalous video came out this past year from an anti-abortion group who recorded employees of Planned Parenthood discussing the selling of fetal tissue to companies. Planned Parenthood has denied those allegations. It has been a heated argument among Democrats and Republicans, to keep, or to defund the organization. The issue was taken to the U.S. House of Representatives to discuss itsRead MoreParenthood : The Target Population May Be Planned Parenthood Essay1638 Words   |  7 Pagespopulation may be Planned Parenthood (PP) as an entity, but the policy will affect the cl ients that depend on PP for services. If House Bill 294 passes, it will end federal funding to Planned Parenthood (House Bill 294, 2015). Planned Parenthood provides services to Medicaid recipients and other individuals with little to no income. The services provided by PP include providing free or low-cost contraceptives, cancer screenings, STD testing and treatment (Planned Parenthood, 2016). The population

Estee Lauder Case 1 Analysis - 2757 Words

| | Table of Contents Case Abstract 3 Vision Statement Mission Statement 4 Vision Statement: 4 Mission Statement: 4 External Audit 5 Opportunities Threats 5 Competitive Profile Matrix (CPM) 6 External Factor Evaluation (EFE) Matrix 7 Internal Audit 8 Strengths Weakness 8 Financial Ratio Analysis 9 Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) Matrix 10 SWOT Matrix 11 SPACE Matrix 12 Internal External Matrix 13 Recommendations 14 Case Abstract The Estee Lauder Companies Inc. engages in the manufacture, marketing, and sale of skin care, makeup, fragrance, and hair care products worldwide. It offers skin care products, including moisturizers, creams, lotions, cleansers, sun screens, and self-tanning products; and makeup products,†¦show more content†¦We used the same idea with Estee Lauder, L’Oreal, and Revlon. L’Oreal and Revlon is a real big competitor for Estee Lauder. Estee Lauder and L’Oreal perform above average on the CPM analysis. Revlon performed average compared how Estee Lauder and L’Oreal rated. | | Estee Lauder | L’Oreal | Revlon | Critical Success Factor | Weight | Rating | Score | Rating | Score | Rating | Score | Advertising | .13 | 3 | .39 | 4 | .52 | 4 | .52 | Product Quality | .12 | 4 | .48 | 4 | .48 | 3 | .36 | Price Competitiveness | .10 | 2 | .20 | 4 | .28 | 4 | .28 | Management | .12 | 3 | .36 | 2 | .24 | 2 | .24 | Financial Position | .10 | 3 | .30 | 3 | .3 0 | 3 | .30 | Customer Loyalty | .12 | 3 | .36 | 3 | .36 | 3 | .36 | Global Expansion | .09 | 4 | .36 | 2 | .18 | 2 | .18 | Sales Distribution | .08 | 3 | .24 | 3 | .24 | 2 | .16 | Manufacturing | .07 | 3 | .21 | 3 | .21 | 3 | .21 | Research and Development | .07 | 2 | .14 | 2 | .14 | 2 | .14 | Total: | 1.00 | | 3.04 | | 2.95 | | 2.75 | External Factor Evaluation (EFE) Matrix An External Factor Evaluation (EFE) allows strategies to summaries and evaluate economic, social, and cultural factor through the uses of a numerical rating. In our case we evaluated the EFE of Estee Lauder. By numerically scaling Estee Lauder’s opportunities and threats we analyzed the importance of the programs they have to offer. First assigning each factor a weight of importanceShow MoreRelatedEstee Lauder Case Analysis by Fred David 12th Edition1045 Words   |  5 PagesCase Background Està ©e Lauder Companies was a technologically advanced, innovative company which gained a worldwide reputation for elegance, luxury and superior quality. Està ©e Lauder Companies, Inc. which founded in 1946 is a U.S manufacturer and marketer of skin care, cosmetics, hair-care and fragrance products. The company’s headquarters are in Manhattan, New York City. The company launched with four products under its flagship brand but over the decades, the business has grown alongsideRead MoreEstà ©e Lauder Companies-Strategic-Management-Report3038 Words   |  13 PagesEstee Lauder Companies, Inc Strategic Management: Case Study Report Submitted to: Miss Farah Zarak Submitted by: Muhammad Owais Rana Abdur Rehman Bakhshi Muhammad Waqas Ranjha Jawwad Jahan Jahanzeb Khan Khawaja Omer Javed Dated: 22nd November 2011 Estee Lauder: Introduction Founded in 1946, this technologically advanced, innovative company has gained a worldwide reputation for elegance, luxury and superior quality. Estee Lauder Companies, Inc is a U.S manufacturer and marketer of skin care,Read MoreEstee Lauder8344 Words   |  34 Pages1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 COMPANY’S BACKGROUND Estee Lauder Company was founded in 1946 by Estee Lauder and her husband Joseph Lauder. It is a manufacturer and marketer of four cosmetic product lines, which include skin care, makeup, fragrances and hair care products in the world. In U.S. prestige cosmetics category, Estee Lauder Companies has a market share of about 46 percent. In 1948, Estee Lauder established their first department store account with Saks Fifth Avenue in New York. During the nextRead MoreEstee Lauder: Integrated Marketing Communications plan4637 Words   |  19 PagesExecutive Summary The purpose of this situation analysis is to identify internal and external factors that will have an impact on Estee Lauders integrated marketing communications program (IMC). A situation analysis is necessary to determine the position Estee Lauder is currently occupying, in terms of finances, promotional strategies, product range and brand image. A thorough analysis will help identify any opportunities and potential threats that the company may come across and the effect thatRead MoreEstee Lauder6308 Words   |  26 PagesEstee Lauder Companies, Inc. 1.0 Overview (Chronology) Estee Lauder, the founder of what is now a major cosmetics empire, started her business with a single jar of face cream that was mixed by her uncle, a chemist. Today, based in New York City, Estee Lauder is a manufacturer and marketer of four cosmetics product lines, like skin care, makeup, fragrances, and hair care products. These products are sold in over 130 countries and territories under different brand names, such as Estee Lauder, MACRead MoreEstee Lauder4843 Words   |  20 PagesStrategy Analysis I. Company Introduction Founded in 1946, the Està ©e Lauder Companies, Inc. is one of an American corporation in New York City. Està ©e Lauder is a manufacturer and market of four cosmetics product lines: skin care, make up, fragrances and hair care products. By integrating â€Å"High-Touch† aspect into all day-to-day business activities, this technologically advanced, innovative company has gained a worldwide reputation for elegance, luxury and superior quality. Each of the company’sRead MoreEstee Lauder9709 Words   |  39 PagesEstee Lauder Study Case Estee Lauder CASE STUDY ANALYSIS STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT (MGT 658) Prepared by: ACKNOWLEDGMENT Alhamdulillah, first of all we would like to thank ALLAH S.W.T as finally we were able to finish our assignments that have been given by lecturer to us. This task had been done with all afford by group members even though a little bit problem were happened among us while doing this assignment. Luckily all the problems can be settled down and we were able to adapt properly andRead MoreThe Scientific Management Principles Of Frederick Winslow Taylor3172 Words   |  13 Pagesorganization such as Estee Lauder, Wal-Mart and Foxconn and several others. According to The Economist (2006) McKinsey forecast has predicted that by 2005 companies with more than $1 billion in annual revenue will be exceeding 15,000 in numbers and 37% would be from an emerging market where there is a predominance of family control organizations. Estee Lauder, the American skincare and make-up company are a family controlled organization with a very chequered history. Williams P. Lauder (2006) had identifiedRead More International Marketing Essay2306 Words   |  10 PagesInternational Marketing The Cosmetics Industry Estee Lauder vs. Shiseido Cosmetics Introduction  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The cosmetics business is a billion dollar industry. Every year, women are responsible for consuming millions of cosmetic products. The cosmetics industry is so large because of several factors. The media is a huge contributor to the intense pressure to look a certain way. The idea that â€Å"sex sells† is evident in gossip magazines, movies, advertisements, music, and more subtly-Read MoreEssay on Make Up Industry Marketing5151 Words   |  21 Pagesresearch of this category by magazine, newspaper, Internet, and over the counter knowledge. During research we found that Lanc#244;me, Estee Lauder, and Clinique were the top-selling prestige facial makeup brands in the United States. Lanc#244;me, is under the wing of parent company LOreal, and was founded in 1935. Estee Lauder was founded in 1946 and Estee Lauder Companies founded Clinique in 1968. Their target market ranges from women 18-45 years of age and its specific focus is professional Generation

Sociological Theory free essay sample

Compare and contrast the views of three appropriate sociological perspectives to an area of social life of your choosing. Why do we act the way we do? Does the mass media really affect the way a people in a society behave? Sociologists focus on the environment and the social aspects of human behaviour in order to answer questions like these when studying a particular society. A society is defined as a large social group that shares the same geographical territory and is governed by the same political authority and cultural expectations. Culture is defined as the shared values of a society such as language, beliefs and ways of doing things (Burton, 2013, online). When looking at a society there are many different sociological perspectives that can be used, and as people can interpret identical things in different ways more than one perspective could be used at any time. These perspectives include: Functionalism, Marxism, Feminism, Interactionism and Postmodernism. In this paper I will be comparing and contrasting the Marxist, Functionalist and Postmodernist perspectives and applying them to analysing the effect of the mass media upon society. Is the mass media used as a way of controlling society? To begin with I will discuss what is meant by the term mass media, I will then briefly outline the principles of the three perspectives before comparing and contrasting their strengths and weaknesses. Finally I will analyse the effect the mass media has upon societies by applying the principles of these three perspectives. Mass media refers to the various media technologies that are used to communicate with the larger, socially mixed audiences. The technologies through which this communication takes place comes in many forms, including broadcast, print, outdoor and digital forms of media and each of these has their own ways of mass communication. Broadcast media would include radio, music, film and television. Print media would include newspapers, magazines, books, leaflets and comics. Outdoor media would include billboards, placards, signs, blimps and skywriting. Digital media would include all forms of communication on the internet as well as all mobile communication. These are just a few of the hundreds of forms of mass communication that are used daily and worldwide (Wikipedia, 2013, online). All sociological perspectives come in many forms and can all be interpreted differently, however the basic principles remain the same even with adaption for modern society. Marxism was introduced by Karl Marx (1818-1883). The principle is that society is divided into two classes, the bourgeoisie (ruling class) and the proletariat (working class). Marx fought for the self-emancipation of the proletariat. He believed that the ruling class stayed in power by exploiting the working class. He also claimed that the ruling class use institutions such as the media, the education system and religion to socialise individuals into believing this inequality is normal and natural. Marx wanted the working class to take back power and destroy the ruling class (Blunden, 2013, online). Marx’s theories led to the creation of neo Marxism. Weber (1864-1920), considered the ghost of Marx (Burton, 2013, online), although agreeing with Marx’s theories adapted them with the belief that social classes were shaped by power and status (Ask Jeeves, 2013, Online). The Marxist theory has many strengths including that it looks at society as a whole, recognising all the forces involved. It also considers the different power interests each societal group has. Strength to this theory is that recognises that society is organised under capitalism and stresses the role of class struggle. One final strength is that this theory can be good when explaining conflict and change within society. However with these strengths also come weaknesses, for example the Marxist theory cannot be used to explain some phenomena such as those people from working class backgrounds that have a lot of money. The biggest weakness this theory offers is that it ignores other factors that may help to shape society (Wiki Answers, 2013, Online). Functionalism was introduced by Emile Durkheim (1858-1917), who is considered by many intellectual thinkers to be the founder of modern sociology. The main principle of functionalism is that each part of a society is interdependent and contributes towards making society work as a whole. Each of these parts has to be working correctly but if something does go wrong then society has mechanisms to deal with them, such as the police and the legal system. Functionalists also believe that every social institution has many important functions to perform (Burton, 2013, online). Durkheim introduced the theory ‘anomie’, or ‘lack of social norms’, that could cause instability or chaos. This concept bought to light many instances that could affect a society in a negative way and especially the behaviour of individuals towards one another (Emile Durkheim org, 2013, online). Another concept put forward by Durkheim â€Å"the sum of all of its parts is larger than the whole†, defined at the introduction of the structural/functionalist theory, is as relevant today as it was when first introduced (Gamble, 2008, Online). Robert K. Merton (1910-2003) is one example of how Durkheim’s theories have lasted through the ages because his theory of ‘anomie’ was taken directly from Durkheim’s perspective and still remains a major theory in the structure of society, both in criminal justice and sociology (cited in Grossman, 2013, Online). The functionalist theory has a few strengths including that it explains all parts of a society have a role, thus if one is affected the other parts will be affected too. Strength is that it claims there is a general consensus of values and norms within a society. However this could also be classed as a weakness in that this theory claims that every individual agrees on the values and norms in that society. The biggest weakness this approach has is that it sees no problem with inequality in a society and may in fact promote this inequality (hrsbstaff, 2012, Online). Interactionism, also known as symbolic interactionism, was introduced to American sociology in the 1920s by George H. Mead (1863-1931), but its origins can be traced back even further than that (cited in Cliffs Notes, 2013, Online). The main principle of interactionism is the symbols and details of everyday life, what these symbols mean and how individuals interact with each other (Cliffs Notes, 2013, Online). This perspective suggests that people attach meanings to these daily symbols and act according to their interpretation of those symbols. This leads interactionists to look at how individuals act in relation to these symbols and to determine what meanings an individual gives to their own individual actions and symbols as well as how they interpret other individual’s actions and symbols. Interactionists reduce people’s behaviour to simple acts depending on the symbols and details they interact with, however they fail to take into account the influence of social forces and institutions on individual’s behaviour (Cliffs Notes, 2013, Online). The interactionism theory has strengths as well as weaknesses. Its strengths include how it takes free will and the choices individuals make as well as how they behave. This approach can also give great insight into the small scale interactions between individuals. Some of the theory’s weaknesses include the fact that the interpretation of some symbols could be incorrect, as well as not being able to explain where people get the meanings or these symbols from. It ignores the idea of socialisation. It also does not explain how social order is created or how disorder is dealt with (Wiki Answers, 2013, Online). Although each of these approaches is unique in the way they study a society they do have similarities or shared theories as well as differences. Marxists like functionalists believe it is possible to understand society scientifically and that the findings from this could benefit society. These two theories both offer a macro sociological explanation of society, meaning they look at society as a whole rather than looking at the individuals within a society (Quintessence, 2010, Online). Another similarity between these two approaches is that they both believe human behaviour is directed by external forces, functional forces for functionalism and economic forces for Marxist (Manthew, 2010, Online). The main difference between these two approaches is that for Marxists the fundamental processes of society are competition and conflict rather than cooperation for the good of the whole like the functionalists view. Whereas the interactionism theory is in contrast to these other approaches, firstly, in that it is a micro sociological explanation of society, meaning that the interactionist approach looks at individuals and does not concern itself with the broader questions concerning society as a whole. The functionalist theory also believes human behaviour is directed by internal forces, dependent on an individual’s perception of the symbols around them (nelli625. 2003, Online). These three sociological approaches have different views on the effect the mass media has upon society. At some point in a person’s daily life they will come across some form of mass media, be it at school, work or just walking down the street. I have already covered the many types of mass media used in everyday life, but does this media have an effect on the way people in society behave? Is the mass media a tool used to control the masses? Marxists would say yes to these questions. In the eyes of a Marxist all forms of mass media are controlled by the rich and powerful and are tools used to control how the masses behave. Marxist would say that the mass media are a sign of a capitalist society and stand in the way of social change. Individuals are socialised to accept the way of the ruling class and the mass media contributes to this socialisation. From a Marxist perspective the majority of the mass media outlets are owned by a small number of people, so the media presented is more likely to represent the ideas of the owners and any form of media that opposes their views will be hard to locate. The mass media provide the public with a bias view of events taking place (Beckett, 2013, Online). The Marxist would say the mass media only broadcast what they want you to know, so for example if there is a particular bill going through in parliament regarding violence in society and reforms to sentencing then the media would start printing or showing more stories regarding violence to push the public into supporting the bill. Marxists believe the mass media serves as a way to reinforce the distance and discord between the rich and the working class, rather than promoting social harmony (Knight, 2012, Online). In the ideas of a Marxist the mass media does not reflect public opinion but in fact actively help to form it. They encourage the public to accept a ruling class ideology (Beckett, 2013, Online). From the Functionalists perspective the mass media has four basic functions for society, monitoring the environment in order to provide information, correlating responses to this information, entertainment and sharing culture with multiple people at one time (socialisation). Charles Wright (1959) also outlined manifest (apparent) or latent (non-apparent) and dysfunctional functions of the mass media. Wright suggested with this outline that when the media notify the public to a risk they are serving their news function but if a panic ensues this is also then a dysfunction (cited in McAwesome, 2007, Online). Functionalists may also be concerned with how this mass media serves in the maintenance of social stability (Knight, 2012, Online). Functionalists believe the mass media has taken on the role of maintaining the status quo of society. In this respect the mass media could also be an initiator of socially organised action with the use of amplification. However there is still the fact that as the mass media outlets are supported or owned by great businesses the broadcasted media is geared into the current economic system and the maintenance of this system. This is done through advertisement, censored stories and failure to raise awareness about the structure of society (uky, 2013, online). The Interactionism theory attempts to analyse the contribution the mass media has on not only the shaping of behaviour between members of a society but also to creating understandings of these shared meanings. Interactionists also seek to understand the growing use of mass media on a daily basis and how this shapes members of a society further (Knight, 2012, Online). A symbolic interactionist would say the mass media has a huge effect on society, or rather the individual members of a society. For example there has been a significant increase in the amount of violence shown on the television, in the papers or talked about on radio shows and this mass exposure to violence has now changed the way people perceive violence. The interactionism view is that the many forms of mass media have desensitised the public to things such as violence because of constant exposure and that through this desensitisation we as a society now see certain forms of violence, that where once frowned upon, as normal and common place. However a problem with seeing the mass media and its effects from just this perspective is that the individualist accepts that not every individual perceives all symbols the same so therefore would not react in the same way to the mass media’s amplification of violence. The interactionist would say the mass media ultimately effects individual’s behaviour by altering a society’s values and norms person by person (Lowell, 2011, Online).

Sophisticated Utilitarian free essay sample

There is a very clear way that any sophisticated utilitarian could handle this proposal. Obviously, they have to consider that the limited sports program needs to be incorporated, but at the same time they cant cut too heavily into the current sports program. There is a very clear plan that would allow the physically impaired student to have their new sport program added, without greatly hindering the current sports program. It has been said that the cost of the new program is four times as high, per student, however there are much fewer students in this program. Considering the number of students is so much lower, they could start by taking away thirty percent (which is over a quarter) of the budget from the current program and using it to start the new program that is intended for the disabled students. It is also very important to remember that such sports programs receive some of their funds from fundraising vents that students participate in. We will write a custom essay sample on Sophisticated Utilitarian or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Since we are now dividing our budget between seventy and thirty percent and our overall sports program has grown through the addition of the disabled section, it would obviously be a good idea to double the amount of time that students who participate in sports are required to invest in fund raising activities. This is a pretty reasonable request when you consider that students only spend a few weekends, here or there, doing this anyway and that also they have he addition of the disabled students to help them with fundraising chores. This plan stands a very good chance of greatly increasing the amount of the overall budget. Depending on the amount of additional money raised each term, the regular sports program might not even be aware that they are only getting seventy percent of the budget. Depending on the amount of additional funds raised, they could even increase the size of the disabled program if need be.